VISUAL FAULTS AND THEIR

CORRECTION

By
DHUJANA NS
 MYOPIA
●In this,the eyeball is long in relation to the
refractive power of the eye.
●Parallel rays from the distant object focus in
the vitreous in front of the retina,distant vision is
impaired.
●The divergent rays from a near object focus on
the retina and near objects are seen without
accommodation.
●The defect is also called SHORT SIGHT or
NEAR SIGHTEDNESS.
MYOPIC EYE
 CORRECTION
●The defect is corrected with concave lenses
of suitable power which cause divergence of the
rays.
 HYPERMETROPIA
●The eyeball is too short in relation to the
refractive power of the eye.
●Parrallel rays from a distant object are
brought to a focus behind the retina,since the
subject can see distant objects clearly.
●But with maximum accommodation,the
divergent rays from a near object do not focus on
the retina.
●The defect is also called LONG SIGHT or
FAR-SIGHTEDNESS.
HYPERMETROPIC EYE
 CORRECTION
●This defect is corrected with convex
lenses of suitable strength which cause
convergence of the rays.
 ASTIGMATISM
●It is a common disorder in which the
curvature of the cornea is not uniform.
●The rays passing through the meridian of a
greater curvature undergo greater refraction and
focus infront of the meridian having a lesser
curvature
●So instead of forming sharp points,the rays
form short lines in the retina
 CORRECTION
The correction is by cylindrical
lenses,which is convex in the meridian which has
a lesser curvature,so that refraction in all
meridians are equal.
 PRESBYOPIA
●The increase in the distance of a near
point from the eye.
●Due to reduction in the elasticity of the
lens,amplitude of accommodation is reduced.
●Advancing age
●As near point recedes from the eye,near
vision is impaired though distant vision is
unaffected.
PRESBYOPIC EYE
 CORRECTION
●Suitable convex lenses- for near work such
as reading.
● If person already have a refractive error
such as astigmatism for which he needs to use
glassse constantly,he is given bifocal glasses.
●Upper part-refractive error
●Lower part-both refractive error and
presbyopia.
 ANISOMETRIA
●Large difference in the refraction between
the two eyes.
●One eye become dominant and other gets
suppressed.
CORRECTION
The refractive errors in each eye is corrected
separatly and suitable exercises should be
prescribed for the poor eye.
 COLOUR BLINDNESS
●Total colour blindness is rare,but defects in
the perception of one or more colour is often
present.
●Person is unaware of the defect and tend to
confuse colours.
●Based on Trochromatic theory,colour vision
defects are classified-Anamolous,di and
monochromatic vision.
Normal and colour blind eye
 GLAUCOMA
●Increased IOP (ocular hypertension) is
associated.
●Serious disorder and common cause of
blindness.
●Increased IOP compresses optic nerve at
the optic disc
●Retinal artery entering the eyeball at
optic disc compressed causing retinal
degeneration.
●In some cases,it is due to infection or
trauma in the eyes.
 TREATMENT
Surgical excision of a small
part of the outer iris is done
to treat glaucoma.
●It establishes
communication between
posterior and anterior
chambers and causes free
flow of aqueous humour in
to the anterior chamber
 CATARACT
●Due to lossing the transparancy of the
crystalline lens
●Ageing
●Lens become flattened and nucleus become
more compact.
●It begins in the deeper part of the
cortex(immature) and spreads the entire cortex
(mature).
●Lens become cloudy.
 TREATMENT
●Lens may be removed surgically
●Intraocular lens of 20D,made of non
antigenic plastic material is implanted in the eye
in the same position of original lens.
 REFERENCE
●Textbook of human physiology(849-897)-
Sarada Subrahmanyan,K.Madhavankutty,
H.D.Singh.
●Animal physiology and biochemistry-
R.A.Agarwal,Anil.K.Srivastava,Kaushal Kumar.
●Textbook of medical physiology-Guyton and
Hall.