LEADING ACROSS CULTURE

Richard D. Lewis

• Anna Maria Amanda • Dessy Eka Purnama •

 TUJUAN KATEGORISASI
✦ Predict a culture’s behavior

✦ Clarify why people did what they did

✦ Avoid giving offense

✦ Search for some kind of unity

✦ Standardize policies

✦ Perceive neatness and Ordnung

 INTRODUCTION
Edward T. Hall Cultural Factors
Key Cultural
Factors

High Context • 'unwritten rules' of the culture

Context
Low Context • more explanation, less chance of misunderstanding

• doing one thing at a time

Monochronic Time • careful planning and scheduling
• time management
Time
• human interaction is valued over time & material
Polychronic Time • Kurang perhatian untuk menyelesaikan sesuatu
• Berhasil pada waktu mereka sendiri

High Territoriality • concern for ownership

Space • less ownership of space and boundaries are less
Low Territoriality
important to them
 C U LT U R A L T Y P E S M O D E L
RICHARD D. LEWIS

Cultural Types Model

Interaction Linear-Active Multi-Active Reactive

Methods Linear-Active Multi-Active Reactive

Communication

Use Multi-Active
Linear Time Cyclic Time
of Time Time

Gathering Data- Relation-

Listening Culture
Information Orientation Orientation
Sven Antonio
 LINEAR-ACTIVE

Methods of Communication

Northern
Europe
LINEAR-ACTIVE
Use of Time
Time is a precious

Memandang waktu dengan

konsep “monokronik”

Menghargai waktu, tidak

membuang waktu dan melakukan
sesuatu sesuai jadwal

The harder you work, the more

hours, that is—the more successful
you will be and the more money
you will make
 LINEAR-ACTIVE
Process Gathering Information

Reading TV & Radio

Family & Friends

Colleague

Reports
Project Notes
Database
 MULTI-ACTIVE

Methods of Communication
 MULTI-ACTIVE
Use of Time

The more things they can do at the same time, the happier and the more fulfilled
they feel

Ketepatan waktu-> mengacaukan jadwal

Prioritas -> completing a human transaction is the best way they can invest their
time. Time considerantions will usually be subjected to human feelings

Time is event, or personality-related, a subjective commodity which can be

manipulated, molded, strecthed, or dispensed with, irrespective of what the
clock says
 MULTI-ACTIVE
Process Gathering Information

Colleague
TV & Radio Relatives
Family

School Friends

Old Teacher

Reading
University
Friends of Family Peers Cafe Gosip Sports
Relation Orientation
 REACTIVE

Methods of Communication
 REACTIVE
Use of Time

Fleksibel; both linear- active dan multi-active

Think long term—their hands are tied many ways.

Asians see time as coming around again in a circle, where the same
opportunities, risks, and dangers will represent themselves
 REACTIVE
Process Gathering Information

Newspaper University Friends School Colleague Gather

Friends Friends Other
from
Department
Other

Project Notes

Family’s Friends

Database

TV & Radio

Relatives Judo & Karate Golf & Tennis

Old Teacher
Listening Culture
 Common Traits
Linear-Active Multi-Active Reactive

 Introvert  Extrovert  Introvert

 Patient  Impatient  Patient
 Quiet  Talkative  Silent
 Minds own Business  Inquisitive  Respectful
 Likes Privacy  Gregarious  good listener
 Plans methodically  Plans grand outline  looks at general
 Does one things at a  Does several things  Principles
time at once  Reacts
 Works fixed hours  Works any hours  flexible hours
 Punctual  Not punctual  Punctual
 Dominated by  Timetable  reacts to partner’s
timetables unpredictable timetable
Cultural Types Model
Warm, emotional,
loquacious, impulsive

Cool, factual, decisive

planners

Courteous, amiable,
accomodating,
compromiser,
good listener
 In Indonesia

Multi-Active
Reactive

Use of TIme
Communication: • Terlambat Mencari Informasi:
• Bicara tidak langsung • Multi tasking Bertanya, penelitian
• Biasa dikenal basa basi • Sering Mengubah masih kurang,
• Sopan santun Jadwal “Malu Bertanya sesat di
• People-Oriented Jalan”
SOLUTION
THE KEY TO CROSS-
CULTURAL SUCCESS
IS TO DEVELOP AN
UNDERSTANDING
OF, AND A DEEP
RESPECT FOR,
CULTURAL
DIFFERENCES
BOLTON, 2010
Thanks!
Any comments / questions?
 Referensi
● Lewis, Richard D. (2005). When Cultures Collide: Leading Across Cultures. Boston:
Nicholas Brealey International.
● Hammerich, Kai., & Lewis, Richard. (2013). Fish Can’t See Water: how Natinal
Culture Can Make or Break Your Corporate Strategy. John Willey & Sons,Inc.
● Simatupang,Oktolina., Lubis, Lusiana.A., & Wijaya, Haris. (2015). Gaya
Berkomunikasi dan Adaptasi Budaya Mahasiswa Batak di Yogyakarta. Tesis:
Program Studi Magister Ilmu Komunikasi FISIP Universitas Sumatera Utara.
● Susandijani. (2018). Mengapa di Indonesia Ada Budaya Ngaret? Ini Jawaban
Sosiolog. Diambil darihttps://gaya.tempo.co/read/1047866/mengapa-di-indonesia-
ada-budaya-ngaret-ini-jawaban-sosiolog (6 Maret 2018)
● Rizal. (2014). Internet Sarana Sumber Informasi. Diambil
darihttp://www.maxmedia.co.id/article-90-internet-sarana-sumber-informasi.html (6
Maret 2018)

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