Analogies among Mass, Heat,

and Momentum Transfer

 Analogies

Heat  Mass  (sometimes) Momentum

Analogies are useful tools

1. An aid to understand transfer phenomena

2. A sound means to predict behavior of systems for
which limited quantitative data are available
 Molecular Transport Equations
RECALL:
driving force
rate of transport =
resistance
d(vxr ) qy d(r cpT) dcA
t yx = -n = -a J *
Ay = -DAB
dy A dy dy

MOMENTUM HEAT MASS

Newton’s law Fourier’s law Fick’s law
 Analogous quantities
in transport phenomena
 Reynolds Analogy
The general transport equation can be written in the form

where ψ = flux of a property at any value of x

δ = molecular diffusivity
E = eddy diffusivity
Г = volume concentration of transferent property
Turbulent diffusion equations
 Transfer coefficient for momentum
In cylindrical geometry,

Integrating the above equation and multiplying by A to get a rate

equation,

where A = cross-sectional area perpendicular to flow

= mean eddy diffusivity
= ratio of the difference in concentration of transferent property between the
wall and the mean value and the mean value of the fluid to the maximum
difference between the wall and the center
D = diameter
 Transfer coefficient for momentum

The transfer coefficient is then defined as

Substituting and rearranging,

 Transfer coefficient for momentum

The transfer coefficient is then defined as

Substituting and rearranging,

Transfer coefficient for momentum

For momentum transfer,

Transfer coefficient for momentum

If we divide by ,

At the wall, v1 = 0 so that,

 The Reynolds analogy
For turbulent transport,
For heat transfer,

For momentum transfer,

We assume that α and μ/ρ are negligible, and that

 The Reynolds analogy
Dividing the momentum equation by the heat equation then gives
The Reynolds analogy

Substituting and
The Reynolds analogy

Stanton number
 Dimensionless Groups

Dim. Group Ratio Equation

molecular
molecular diffusivity
diffusivity of
of momentum
momentum //
Prandtl,
Prandtl, Pr
Pr molecular
molecular diffusivity
diffusivity of
of heat
heat
Schmidt, Sc momentum diffusivity/ mass diffusivity
Schmidt,
Lewis, LeSc momentum diffusivity/
thermal diffusivity/ mass
mass diffusivity
diffusivity
Stanton, St heat transferred/ thermal capacity
Lewis, Le thermal diffusivity/ mass diffusivity

Stanton, St heat transferred/ thermal capacity

 The Reynolds analogy

Experimental results show that the above equation

1. Correlate data approximately for gases in turbulent flow
2. DOES NOT correlate experimental data for liquids in turbulent flow
3. DOES NOT correlate experimental data for any fluids in laminar flow

* 0.6 < NPr for gases < 2.5

It was concluded that the Reynolds analogy is valid ONLY at NPr = 1

 The Reynolds analogy
In a similar manner,
we can relate mass transfer with momentum transfer

For turbulent transport

And the complete Reynolds analogy is

 The Reynolds analogy

Experimental results show that the above equation

1. Correlate data approximately for gases in turbulent flow
2. DOES NOT correlate experimental data for liquids in turbulent flow
3. DOES NOT correlate experimental data for any fluids in laminar flow

* NSc for gases ~ 1.0

It was concluded that the Reynolds analogy is valid ONLY at NSc = 1

 The Reynolds analogy

CONCLUSIONS
1. At NPr = NSc = 1, the mechanisms for mass, heat, and momentum are
identical
2. For other fluids, transfer processes differ in some manner
functionally related to the Pr and Sc numbers.
 The Reynolds analogy
Note that the Reynolds analogy assumes that
1. the turbulent diffusivities are equal and
2. the molecular diffusivities are negligible.

When are these assumptions not valid?

1. For other fluids, where

 usually the case for liquids
2. We CANNOT neglect molecular diffusivities
 in the boundary layer where diffusion, conduction, and viscosity
are important