PCM FRAME

STRUCTURE
CONCEPT OF FRAME IN PCM
 In Time division multiplexing we can
multiplex more than one signal and transmit
at the same time.
 As the voice signal frequency range is 0.3
KHz to 3.4 KHz as per Nyquist theorem
sampling theorem the frequency of sampling
is 8 Khz.i.e 125 µsec.
 For 30 channel PCM system of 32 time slots,
time slot per channel=
125/32=3.9 µsec.
STRUCTURE OF FRAME
 A frame of 125 µsec have 32 time slots which
as numbered Ts 0 to Ts 31.
 Information for providing synchronization
between trans and receiver ends is passed
through a separate time slots.
 Ts 0 carries the synchronization signal which
is called Frame alignment word( FAW).
 The information is transmitted through time
slots Ts 16. Ts 1 to Ts 15 is for channel 1 to
15 and Ts 17 to Ts 31 are used for channel
16 to 30 respectively.
SYNCHRONISATION
 The out put bit of a PCM terminal will be a
continuous stream of bits. At the receiving
end of receiver has to receive the incoming
stream of bits and discriminate between
frames and separate the channels correctly.
The receiver has to recognize the start of
each frame by frame alignment or
synchronization which is achieved by Frame
Alignment Word ( FAW).
FRAME REMAR
KS

NUMBER B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8
S

F0 X 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAW

F1 X 1 Y Y Y 1 1 1 ALARM

F2 X 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAW

F3 X 1 Y Y Y 1 1 1 ALARM
 Where X= 0 for national PCM network
=1 for International PCM network
 In B3,B4,B5 bits Y denotes various types of
alarms .

YYY ALARM
000 NO ALARM
010 DENSITY ERROR
100 FRAME ALIGNMENT ERROR
111 SEVERE ALARM
MULTI FRAME ALIGNMENT
WORD
 Signaling information is used for proper
routing of a called between two subscribers,
for status information like dial tone, busy
tone, ring back, trunk offering signals etc.
 In 30 channel PCM time slot 16 in each frame
is used for allocating signaling information.
 For 30 channel we must transmit 15 frames
each having 125 microseconds duration, a
group of 16 frames create a ‘’multi frame’’.
 Duration of multi frame is
125µsec*16=2msec.
 In time slot 16 of F0 first four bits position
1to 4 contain multi frame structure.
 Time slot 16 of F1 to F15 are used to carry
signaling information.
 Each frame carries signaling data for 2 frame
channels. For example TS 16 of F1 carries
signal data of channel 1 in first four bits and
channel 16 in last four bits. TS 16 of F2
carries signal data of channel 2 in first four
bits and channel 17 in last four bits.
SUMMARY :
 Sampling frequency= 8 KHz .
 Sampling time =125 µsec
 Bit rate= 64kps( before Multiplexing)
 Channel capacity=2.048mbps( After
Multiplexing)
 Duration of a time slot =3.9 µsec.
 Frame duration=125 µsec
 Multi frame duration= 2msec.
 Signaling rate =500 Hz