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Critical Reading: Prof. Dr. Khalid Mahmood
Critical Reading: Prof. Dr. Khalid Mahmood
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What is “critical reading?”
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Passive vs. Active Reading
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Passive vs. Active Reading
• Active Reading: - Active reading involves
interacting with the text and therefore requires
significantly more energy than passive reading.
• Critical reading ALWAYS involves active reading.
The active reader invests sufficient effort to
understand the text and commit important details to
memory.
• The active reader identifies important pieces of
data, the assumptions underlying arguments, and
examines them critically. They rely on their
personal experiences and knowledge of theory to
analyze the text. 4
Techniques of Critical Reading
1. Previewing
2. Writing
3. Critical Reading (at least two times)
4. Summarizing
5. Forming a Critical Response
6. Finding a Focus for Your Paper
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Previewing
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Writing
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Writing - Margin
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Divided Page Method
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Landmark/Footnote Method
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First Reading
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Second Reading
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3 Responses to Texts
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Summarization
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Forming Your Critical
Response
Analysis
Interpretation
Synthesis
In forming your critical response, you will
now go beyond what the author has explicitly
written to form your impressions of the text.
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Analysis
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Analysis (continued)
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Analysis (continued)
Types of evidence
Facts: Verifiable evidence.
Opinion: Judgments based upon facts.
Expert Opinion: Judgments formed by authorities on a
given subject.
Appeal to Beliefs or Needs: Readers are asked to accept
a claim in part because they already accept it as true
WITHOUT factual evidence or because it coincides with
their needs.
Appeal to Emotion: A claim that is persuasive because it
evokes an emotion within the reader, but may or may not
rely on factual evidence.
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Analysis (continued)
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Analysis (continued)
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Interpretation
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Synthesis
Now that you have broken down the text into its
parts, analyzed them, and interpreted it all, you
should make new connections with what you know.
Ask yourself again:
What are the main points of this text?
Were my expectations for this article met?
If I “read in between the lines” do I learn anything else
about what the author is saying?
Overall, what can I conclude from this text?
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