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Topic 6: Differentiation: Jacques Text Book (Edition 4)
Topic 6: Differentiation: Jacques Text Book (Edition 4)
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Differentiation is all about measuring change!
Measuring change in a linear function:
y = a + bx
a = intercept
b = constant slope i.e. the impact of a unit
change in x on the level of y
b = y =
y2 y1
x x2 x1
2
If the function is non-linear:
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e.g. if y = x2
30
y=x2
20
10
0
0 1 2 3
X 4 5 6
y y 2 y1
x
= x2 x1
gives slope of the line
connecting 2 points (x1, y1) and (x2,y2) on a
curve
(2,4) to (4,16): slope = (16-4)/(4-2) = 6
(2,4) to (6,36): slope = (36-4)/(6-2) = 8 3
The slope of a curve is equal to the slope of
the line (or tangent) that touches the curve
at that point
Total Cost Curve
40
35
30
25
y=x2
20
15
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Example:A firms cost function is
Y = X2
X X Y Y
0 0
1 +1 1 +1
2 +1 4 +3
3 +1 9 +5
4 +1 16 +7
2
Y=X
Y+Y = (X+X) 2
Y+Y =X2+2X.X+X2
Y = X2+2X.X+X2 – Y
since Y = X2 Y = 2X.X+X2
Y
X
= 2X+X
dy y
f ' ( x) lim
dx x0 x
• The process of differentiation involves
letting the change in x become arbitrarily
small, i.e. letting x 0
• e.g if = 2X+X and X 0
• = 2X in the limit as X 0
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the slope of the non-linear
function
Y = X2 is 2X
• the slope tells us the change in y that
results from a very small change in X
• We see the slope varies with X
e.g. the curve at X = 2 has a slope = 4
and the curve at X = 4 has a slope = 8
• In this example, the slope is steeper
at higher values of X 7
Rules for Differentiation
(section 4.3)
dy
e.g. y = 10 then dx 0
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2. The Linear Function Rule
If y = a + bx
dy
b
dx
dy
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e.g. y = 10 + 6x then dx
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3. The Power Function Rule
If y = axn, where a and n are constants
dy
n.a.x n1
dx
dy
i) y = 4x => dx 4 x 0
4
dy
ii) y = 4x 2
=> dx 8 x
dy 3
-2
iii) y = 4x => dx 8 x
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4. The Sum-Difference Rule
If y = f(x) g(x)
dy d [ f ( x )] d [ g( x )]
dx dx dx
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Examples
dy dv du
If y = u.v u v
dx dx dx
2
i) y = (x+2)(ax +bx)
dy
dx
x 2 2 ax b ax 2 bx
ii) y = (4x3-3x+2)(2x2+4x)
dy 4x3 3x 2 4x 4 2x2 4x 12x2 3
dx
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6. The Quotient Rule
• If y = u/v where u and v are functions of x
(u = f(x) and v = g(x) ) Then
du dv
v u
dy dx dx
2
dx v
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du dv
v u
u dy dx dx
If y then
v dx v2
Example 1
y
x 2
x 4
dy
x 4 1 x 2 1
2
dx x 4 2
x 42
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7. The Chain Rule
(Implicit Function Rule)
dy dy dv
.
dx dv dx
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dy dy dv
.
Examples dx dv dx
2 ½
i) y = (ax + bx)
let v = (ax2 + bx) , so y = v½
1
dy 1
ax bx 2 .2ax b
2
dx 2
ii) y = (4x + 3x – 7 )
3 4
let v = (4x + 3x – 7 ), so y = v
3 4
dy
dx
3 3
4 4 x 3x 7 . 12 x 3
2
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8. The Inverse Function Rule
dy 1
If x = f(y) then dx dx
dy
• Examples
i) x = 3y2 then
dx dy 1
dy
6y so dx 6 y
• Total Costs = TC = FC + VC
• Total Revenue = TR = P * Q
• = Profit = TR – TC
• Break even: = 0, or TR = TC
• Profit Maximisation: MR = MC
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Application I: Marginal Functions
(Revenue, Costs and Profit)
•
Calculating Marginal Functions
d TR
MR
dQ
d TC
MC
dQ
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Example 1
• A firm faces the
Solution:
demand curve P=17-
3Q
TR = P.Q = 17Q – 3Q2
• (i) Find an
expression for TR in
terms of Q d TR
MR 17 6Q
• (ii) Find an dQ
expression for MR in
terms of Q
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Example 2
A firms total cost curve is given by
TC=Q3- 4Q2+12Q
(i) Find an expression for AC in terms of Q
(ii) Find an expression for MC in terms of Q
(iii) When does AC=MC?
(iv) When does the slope of AC=0?
(v) Plot MC and AC curves and comment on
the economic significance of their
relationship
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Solution
d TC
(ii) MC = dQ 3Q 8Q 12
2
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9. Differentiating Exponential Functions
x
If y = exp(x) = e where e = 2.71828….
dy
then dx e
x
More generally,
rx
If y = Ae
dy
then dx rAe ry
rx
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Examples
2x
dy 2x
1) y = e then dx = 2e
-7x
dy -7x
2) y = e then dx = -7e
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10. Differentiating Natural Logs
Recall if y = ex then x = loge y = ln y
dy
If y = e
x
then ex = y
dx
if y = ln mx m>0
Rules of Logs y = ln m+ ln x
Differentiating (Sum-Difference rule)
dy 1 1
0
dx x x
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Examples
dy 1
1) y = ln 5x (x>0)
dx x
2
2) y = ln(x +2x+1)
2
let v = (x +2x+1) so y = ln v
dy dy dv
Chain Rule: dx dv . dx
dy 1
2 .2 x 2
dx x 2 x 1
dy
2
2 x 2
dx
x 2x 1
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3) y = x4lnx
Product Rule:
dy 4 1
x ln x.4 x3
dx x
= x 3
4 x 3
ln x = x 3
1 4 ln x
4) y = ln(x3(x+2)4)
Simplify first using rules of logs
y = lnx3 + ln(x+2)4
y = 3lnx + 4ln(x+2)
dy 3 4
dx x x 2
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Applications II
Q P Q P
= Q P = P . Q
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Point elasticity of demand
dQ P
.
ed = dP Q
dy 1 d (ln y )
= dx . y = dx
Take logs and differentiate to find
proportional changes in variables
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dy 1
1) Show that if y = x , then dx . y x
1 x
= y . x
1 y
= y . . x
= x
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Solution Continued…
Now ln y = ln x
Re-writing ln y = lnx
d (ln y ) 1
.
dx x x
Differentiating the ln y with respect to x gives
the proportional change in x.
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Example 2: If Price level at time t is
P(t) = a+bt+ct2
Calculate the rate of inflation.
Solution: Alternatively,
The inflation rate at t is the proportional differentiating the log of P(t) wrt t directly
change in p 2
lnP(t) = ln(a+bt+ct )
1 dP( t ) b 2ct
. where v = (a+bt+ct2) so lnP = ln v
P( t ) dt a bt ct 2
Using chain rule,
d ln P( t ) b 2ct
dt a bt ct 2
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