International Tourism

Environment Level 2 module

David Bruce and Jeff Hurran
2003-2004 (Term 2)

1
 Term Programme Jan-Feb 04
• 26 2701 T • Environment, Perceptions
Motivations and Ethics
• 3001 L • Impacts of Tourism
• 27 0302 T • Tourists and the environment
• 0602 L The Natural World? Formative
• 28 1002 T Assessment
1302 L • UK Planning System-the
Regional Agenda

2
 Term Programme Jan-Feb 04
• 29 702 T • Environmental Planning and
management of tourism
• 2002 L • Protected areas in the UK
• 30 2402 T • A Tourism Planning exercise
2702 L • Planning Appeals
• 31 0203 • Field Trip preparation
• 0303 • Field Trip to Bristol
3
 Impacts of Tourism
• What Tourism has impacts?
• How does Tourism impact?
• What impacts does tourism have?

4
 What Tourism has impacts?
• ALL:
• Mass Tourism
• Cultural Tourism
• Ecotourism
• Other tourism

5
How the tourism system impacts
• Inputs •Outputs
The
Tourism
industry
system

Influences of
Society
6
 Environment with the tourism
system
• Inputs
– Human resources
– Natural resources
– Government. Policy
– Consumer
Expenditure
– Inward Investment

7
Environment with the tourism
system
• The Tourism
industry system
– retailing subsystem
– Destination
subsystem
– Transport
subsystem
8
Environment with the tourism
system
OUTPUTS
cultural change
environmental change
environmental protection
& pollution
Economic Costs and
Benefits
Tourist Satisfaction
9
 These outputs involve Impact
• Locally
• Regionally
• Globally

10
 Local Costs and Benefits /
‘Tourism’ Multiplier
Imports Exports
expenditure

saving Households Firms investment

income
Taxes Gov. Expend

11
 Local Costs and Benefits /
‘Tourism’ Multiplier
Imports Exports
expenditure

saving Households Firms investment

income
Taxes Gov. Expend

12
 Local Costs and Benefits /
‘Tourism’ Multiplier
Imports Exports
expenditure

saving Households Firms investment

income
Taxes Gov. Expend

REMEMBER

13
 Local Costs and Benefits /
‘Tourism’ Multiplier
Outbound Inbound
tourism Tourism
expenditure

saving Households Firms investment

income
Taxes Gov. Expend

•The larger the ‘local area’ up to ‘region’:

the greater the multiplier

14
Global Tourism and World GDP
Growth Background Statistics

15
 The ‘Greenhouse’ Index:
Future growth of air traffic

16
 The ‘Greenhouse’ Universal
Index for Leisure
Tourism:‘G.U.I.L.T.’
• 100= A Standard Holiday
• Key variables are:
– DAYS ON HOLIDAY (for day trips 9 hr day assumed)

– TRANSPORT CARBON PER DAY PER PERSON

• Mode of transport
• Relative fuel efficiency
– AVERAGE ACCOMM and FOOD etc.
• (Life on Holiday: usually 30% less efficient)

17
 The ‘Greenhouse’ Index:
GUILT
• WARNING
• RED : twice as much as standard >32 kg
• AMBER: around standard 8><32 kg
• GREEN: about half standard = ordinary
home amount of Carbon < 8 kg

18
 Torb. Coach

5%
Torb. cycle

10%
Torb train

11%
W,Clare: train, cycle and ferry

W.Clare: domestic

15% 16%
Mull train

18%
Queensl. Year out Scheduled air

21%
Torb family car

27%
Mull family full car

30%
Gran Can train and ship

W.Clare car and ferry

36% 39%

Torb Air and coach from Germany

68%

Mall. standard charter

100%
t

r
Guidance pp49-56 s

d
d
n

GC air and ship

152%

Ten charter air

Ten 7 charter air

314%
GUILT Index

GC charter air

GC By scheduled air via Madrid

W.Clare By air and hire car

cf Gossling (2000) ldc standard

By longhaul charter

Azores Sched. (via Lisbon)

a 162% 162%172%196%197%214%242%

By scheduled via Amsterdam

337%

Hoyt Global 'Ecotourism'

448%

Great Barrier Reef Austr.LH Charter

‘transport toolkit’ from META- Planning
531%

19

Great Barrier Reef Austr. Sched.

611%

1%
10%
100%
1000%

100
Canaria flights

•Impacts?
17 20