ESSENTIALS OF A

RESEARCH PROCESS
Three Basic Steps
1. Pose a question
2. Collect data to answer the
question
3. Present an answer to the
question.
6 Steps in a Research Process
1. Identifying a Research Problem
2. Reviewing the Literature
3. Specifying a Purpose
4. Collecting Data
5. Analyzing and Interpreting Data
6. Reporting and Evaluating Research
Ethics in Doing Research
• Honesty
• Objectivity
• Integrity
• Carefulness
• Respect for Intellectual Property
• Confidentiality
6 Steps in a Research Process
1. Identifying a Research Problem
2. Reviewing the Literature
3. Specifying a Purpose
4. Collecting Data (Chapter 3)
5. Analyzing and Interpreting Data
6. Reporting and Evaluating Research
2 Types of Data

Quantitative and
Qualitative
Characteristics of
Quantitative Data
• Can be counted/ measured
• Based on asking close-ended
questions/ have pre-defined
answer options
Characteristics of
Quantitative Data
• Can be counted/ measured
• Based on asking close-ended
questions/ have pre-defined
answer options
Characteristics of
Qualitative Data
• Cannot be counted
• Have open-ended questions
(responses are in the own words of
the subjects)