‫به نام خدا‬

MD DEPARTMENT
 Introduction
 Applicable code
 Parts of AST
 Types of AST
 Construction
 Typical damages of AST
 Cryogenic storage tank
 Storage tanks are a familiar part of our industrial landscape.
They are used to store a multitude of different products and
come in a range of sizes, from small to truly gigantic.

 The ability to store large quantities of liquid and gaseous

products was an essential element in the development of a
number of industries.

 More recently the liquid natural gas (LNG) trade,

accounting for the bringing to markets of some 20% of the
world’s natural gas, would not be possible without the
development of large scale cryogenic storage units at both
export and import terminals.
 Storage Tank Design

ATM LPT

API BS
AWA EN API EN
650 CODE
14015 620 14620
2654

P<2.5 Psi 2.5 < P < 15 Psi

 Bottom
 Shell
 Roof
 Annular plate
 Wind girder
 Stairway
 Flash type-clean out fitting
 Rafter
 Girder
 Water spray sys.
√ Foundation construction
Shape of the bottom
Type of the foundation construction
√ Double bottom
Material
Detection
√ Fixed roof
shape
Supporting
√ Floating roof
position
construction
 Foundation construction
Shape of the bottom
cone up
cone down
flat with slope
flat without slop
 Foundationconstruction
Type of the foundation construction
earth foundations without a ringwall
reinforced concrete ring wall foundation
reinforced concrete slab
 Material ( steel, polymer)

 Detection
passivesystem
continuously activated vacuum system
 Self-supporting roof
cone roof - they are economical when the
volumes are up to 2 000 m3
dome roof - they are economical when the
volumes are bigger than 2 000 m3. Steel dome
roof could be applied when the volumes are up
to 70 000 m3 ( diameter D < 65 m ).

 Supported roof
 cone roof – they can be applied in all existing
volumes of the tanks;
 hanging roof - they are still experimental.
 They are applied when store volatile
products and/or the tanks themselves have
big volumes

 According to their position:

- external floating roof
- internal floating roof

 According to their construction:

- single deck floating roof;
- double deck floating roof.
A Frangible roof is a roof to shell joint or junction that is weaker
than the rest of the tank and will preferentially fail if the tank is
over pressurized.
 rolls method
 sheet by sheet (classical) method
 lifting method
 Tank Jacking
Settlement of the tank
elephant’s foot buckling
floating roof damage
Collapse under vacuum
 TYPES OF STORAGE
PRESSURIZED STORAGE
SEMI-REFRIGERATED STORAGE

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE STORAGE

BUTANE
-0.5
BUTADIENE
-4.5
AMMONIA
-33
PROPANE
-42
PROPYLENE
-47
ETHANE
-88
ETHYLENE
-103
METHANE
-161
LNG
NITROGEN -162
-195
 Expansion bellow
 Anchor strap
 Suspended deck
 Cool down nozzle
 In tank pump
 Insulation
 Base heating system
 LTD measurement
 Insulation

Base Roof Wall

Hard Foam Loose

Mineral PUF
Perlite wood glass perlite
block wool

Loose Fiberglass
perlite
 •Containment addresses the question:
 What if the tank leaks?
 SINGLE CONTAINMENT
 DOUBLE CONTAINMENT
 FULL CONTAINMENT
 MEMBRANE TANK
 ⑥
⑤

①
⑧

④
③
⑨

1 primary container (steel) 6 roof (steel)

2 bottom insulation 7 loose fill insulation
3 foundation 8 outer steel shell (not capable of containing liquid)
4 foundation heating system 9 bund wall
5 suspended roof (insulated)
 ⑥ ⑦
⑩
⑧

① ⑨
②

③
④ ⑤

1 primary container (steel) 6 suspended roof (insulated)

2 secondary container (steel or concrete) 7 roof (steel)
3 bottom insulation 8 loose fill insulation
4 foundation 9 outer shell (not capable of containing liquid)
5 foundation heating system 10 cover (rain shield)
1 primary container (steel)
2 secondary container (steel)
2 bottom insulation
3 foundation
4 foundation heating system
5 suspended roof (insulated)
6 roof (steel)
7 loose fill insulation
8 concrete roof
9 pre-stressed concrete outer tank (secondary container)
 What makes ammonia storage special?
Flammability
Toxicity
Latent heat
Electrical conductivity
Stress corrosion cracking

 The truly lethal nature of the gas means

that special measures are required for the
design,
 construction and especially the operation
of storage facilities.
Prestressed concrete has become the most commonly used
Material for the outer containers of full containment low
temperature tanks.
THANK YOU