Introduction

• Cold weather has effect on the cement hydration process which in turn affect the
strength gain.

• Damage and deterioration of Fresh concrete.

• Freezing of mechanically bound water.
• Mass transfer.
• Disruption of solidity of concrete.

• Desired attributes if achieved can mitigate the negative effect of Cold weather to
concreting.
 Literature Review

• ACI 306R-88 • Moller G, Summary report prepared for RILEM

Committee on winter concreting, RILEM- 1960.

• Early Freezing of Concrete, Swedish Cement and

Concrete Research Institute, Moller G-1962.

• Publication by Boris A. Krylov on Cold Weather

Concreting-1997.
• Publication by Boris A. Krylov on Cold Weather
Concreting-1997. • Damage to Fresh Concrete due to Freezing ACI
Journal, paper published by C J Bernhardt-,1956.
• Publication by Mehta and Monteiro on Concrete
Microstructure, Properties and Materials-2014.

• Thesis by Sameer Damle on Optimisation of

Anti-freeze Admixture-2009 • Assessment of concrete Mechanical properties
by Ayman Nassif et al- 2013.
 Literature Review

• Analysis of Concrete Internal Deterioration Due to

Frost Action by George Wardeh et al- 2010.

• Quantitative Damage Evaluation of Concrete

Suffered Freezing–Thawing by Shuguang Li et al-
2014.
• Publication by Boris A. Krylov on Cold Weather
Concreting-1997.
• Publication by Mehta and Monteiro on Concrete
Microstructure, Properties and Materials-2014.
• ACI code 306 R-88 .
• Prevention of Frost Damage to Green concrete
by TC Powers, 1962.
• Malhotra and Berwanger-1973.
 Literature Review

Use of chemical Admixture

• Behaviour of fresh and hardened concrete with Antifreeze

admixtures in Deep freeze Low temperature and exterior winter
condition was carried out by Fatima Karagol et al-2014.

• Concrete Admixture Handbook Properties, Science and
Technology (Second edition), Noyes Publication, by
Ramachandran.
• The use of Calcium Nitrate as a Multifunctional Concrete
admixture was studied by Justnes H -1995.
• Low temperature Admixtures for Army by Korohen- 1999.
Heat Evolution during Hydration
• Experimental Investigation on Heat evolution during
hydration of cementitious materials by G Prasanth and
Manu Santhanam-2013.
• Use of Adiabatic Calorimetry for performance
assessment of concrete by Yogesh Kumar et al -2016.

• Publication by Boris A. Krylov on Cold Weather Concreting-

1997.
• Publication by Mehta and Monteiro on Concrete Microstructure,
Properties and Materials-2014.
 Deduction
• Reduced temperature
• Changes the property of the water, reducing the reactivity in hydration process.
• Increase in setting time by 2 to 10 times.

• Mechanically bound water.

• Water present consumed for cement hydration process.
• Excess water present turns to ice and exerts pressure on the concrete crystal structure.

• Mechanical Properties
• Curing concrete near freezing conditions is associated with 20 to 25 percent loss of 28 days compressive
strength.
• Pre-storing the constituents of concrete at near freezing temperature results in reduction of 28 days
Compressive strength by 30 percent
• There is a regain in compressive strength in long term if the temperature increases post casting

• Enclosures and excess heating of Constituents

• Not cost effective and energy inefficeient.
• Fire hazard
 Scope
• Binder. OPC -53 Grade.

• Chemical Admixtures (Powder Form)

• PCE based High Range Water Reducer (HRWR).

• Antifreeze admixtures.

• Air-Entraining admixture.

• Environmental conditions

• Controlled conditions for assessment of cement properties.

• Minus five Degree Celsius (-5 0C) to Plus five degree Celsius (+5 0C) for admixture optimisation and
development, assessment of mix properties.