FLOOD CONTROL DESIGN

PRESENTED BY:

ERWIN BALBINO R. MACATINGRAO

ENGINEER II
PLANNING & DESIGN DIVISION
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS
 OUTLINE

 GOVERNING POLICIES AND LAWS

 TYPES OF FLOOD CONTROL MEASURES
 DESIGN DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR FLOOD CONTROL STRUCTURES
 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
 HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS
 HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
 GOVERNING POLICIES AND LAWS
• THE WATER CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (PD 1067)
 DPWH MAY DECLARE FLOOD CONTROL AREAS AND CONSTRUCT
NECESSARY FLOOD CONTROL STRUCTURES
 FLOOD CONTROL EASEMENT MAY BE ALONG AND ADJACENT TO THE
RIVER BANK AND OUTSIDE THE BED OR CHANNEL OF THE RIVER
• DESIGN GUIDELINES CRITERIA STANDARDS (DGCS) VOLUME 3 (2015): WATER
ENGINEERING PROJECTS
• TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING AND DESIGN OF
FLOOD CONTROL STRUCTURES (DPWH – JICA MANUALS)
 TYPES OF FLOOD CONTROL MEASURES

Measure to be Undertaken Structure to be Installed

Dike/levee, river widening, dredging,

Increase River Flow Capacity
excavation, and combination

Reduction/control of the peak discharge of

Dam, retarding basin, floodway
flood

Revetment, spur dike, change of waterway/cut-

Prevention of bank collapse
off channel
 TYPES OF FLOOD CONTROL MEASURES

Measure to be Undertaken Structure to be Installed

Prevention of riverbed degradation Groundsill

Sabo works, regular maintenance (channel

Preservation of river condition
excavation, dredging)
DESIGN DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR FLOOD CONTROL STRUCTURES
• SURVEY
• SCOPING SURVEY
• OTHER DATA
 RAINFALL DATA  LAND-USE MAPPING
 EVAPORATION DATA  AERIAL PHOTOS
 RIVER OR CHANNEL GAUGE DATA  SOILS INVESTIGATION
 TIDAL DATA  RIVERBED MATERIAL
 WIND SPEED DATA
DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS

MEMORANDUM 097.70 : UPGRADES ON FLOOD CONTROL AND ROAD

DRAINAGE STANDARDS
 DRAINAGE PIPES: 15 – YEAR FLOOD WITH SUFFICIENT FREEBOARD TO
CONTAIN THE 25-YEAR FLOOD
 CULVERTS:
 BOX: 25-YEAR FLOOD WITH SUFFICIENT FREEBOARD TO CONTAIN
THE 50-YEAR FLOOD
 PIPE: 15-YEAR FLOOD WITH SUFFICIENT FREEBOARD TO CONTAIN
THE 25-YEAR FLOOD
 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
MEMORANDUM 097.70 : UPGRADES ON FLOOD CONTROL AND ROAD
DRAINAGE STANDARDS
 ESTEROS/CREEKS: 15-YEAR FLOOD WITH SUFFICIENT FREEBOARD TO
CONTAIN THE 25-YEAR FLOOD
 RIVERS
 FOR PRINCIPAL AND MAJOR RIVERS: (40 SQ. KM DRAINAGE AREA AND
ABOVE) 50-YEAR FLOOD WITH SUFFICIENT FREEBOARD TO CONTAIN
THE 100-YEAR FLOOD
 FOR SMALL RIVERS: (BELOW 40 SQ. KM DRAINAGE AREA) 25-YEAR
FLOOD WITH SUFFICIENT FREEBOARD TO CONTAIN THE 50-YEAR FLOOD
 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS

 DIKES
 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS

 DIKES
 HEIGHT: THE HEIGHT OF A DIKE SHALL BE BASED ON THE
DESIGN FLOOD LEVEL PLUS THE REQUIRED FREEBOARD. THE
CALCULATED FLOW CAPACITY SHALL BE USED AS THE DESIGN
FLOOD DISCHARGE FOR ESTABLISHING THE FREEBOARD.

DIKE HEIGHT = DESIGN FLOOD LEVEL + FREEBOARD

 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
 DIKES
 FREEBOARD:
 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
 DIKES
 CREST WIDTH:
 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
 DIKES
 SLOPE: IN PRINCIPLE, THE SLOPE OF THE DIKE SHALL BE AS
GENTLE AS POSSIBLE AT LEAST LESSER THAN 2:1. WHEN THE
CREST HEIGHT FROM RIVERBED IS MORE THAN 6.00 METERS, THE
SLOPE OF THE DIKE SHALL BE GENTLER THAN 3:1.
 BERM: IF THE HEIGHT OF THE DIKE IS MORE THAN 5 METERS, A BERM
SHALL BE PROVIDED ALONG THE SLOPES FOR STABILITY, REPAIR AND
MAINTENANCE PURPOSES. THE BERM WIDTH SHALL BE 3.00 METER OR
MORE.
 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
 REVETMENT
 SLOPE COVERING WORKS:
 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
 REVETMENT
 SLOPE COVERING WORKS:
 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
 REVETMENT
 SLOPE COVERING WORKS:
 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS

 REVETMENT
 HEIGHT: BASICALLY, THE HEIGHT OF REVETMENT IS DETERMINED
BY SETTING THE DESIGN FLOOD LEVEL (DFL). THE REVETMENT
HEIGHT SHALL BE DESIGNED UP TO THE TOP OF RIVERBANK OR
CREST OF EMBANKMENT BECAUSE FLOODWATERS MAY EXCEED
THE DFL OR TOP OF THE BANK.
 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
 REVETMENT
 DEPTH (DEPTH OF TOP OF FOUNDATION): THE DEPTH OF THE
FOUNDATION SHALL BE DEEPER THAN 1.0 M FROM THE MAXIMUM
SCOURING DEPTH. IF THERE IS A DIFFICULTY TO CALCULATE THE
MAXIMUM SCOURING DEPTH, IT SHOULD BE 1.0 M BELOW FROM
THE DEEPEST RIVERBED. IN CASE THERE IS DIFFICULTY IN ATTAINING
THE DEPTH OF THE TOP OF THE FOUNDATION DUE TO EXTREME
SCOURING OR RIVERBED DEGRADATION, THE DEPTH FROM THE
TOP OF THE FOUNDATION CAN BE ACHIEVED BY SHEET PILE
FOUNDATION OR FOOT PROTECTION WORK.
 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
 REVETMENT
 SEGMENT LENGTH: THE LENGTH OF ONE SEGMENT OF
REVETMENT IN THE LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION SHOULD BE LESS
THAN 50 METERS IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE EXTENSION OF
DAMAGE ONCE ONE SECTION OF REVETMENT COLLAPSES. EDGE
OF THE SEGMENT END SHALL BE ADEQUATELY FILLED WITH JOINT
MATERIAL (MORTAR) TO CONNECT WITH THE ADJOINING
REVETMENT.
 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
 REVETMENT
 SLOPE: THE SLOPE OF THE REVETMENT SHALL BE THE SAME AS
THE DIKE AT 2:1 (HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL, RESPECTIVELY) OR
MILDER. IN CASE WHEN THE SLOPE OF REVETMENT SHOULD BE
STEEPER THAN THE DIKE, IT SHALL BE GENTLE AS MUCH AS
POSSIBLE FOR STABILITY PURPOSES AND SHALL BE BASED ON THE
NATURAL SLOPE OF THE ADJACENT BANK.
 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
 REVETMENT
 BERM: IF THE HEIGHT OF REVETMENT IS MORE THAN 5.0 METERS,
BERM (BANQUETTE) MUST BE PROVIDED, IT SHALL BE DESIGNED
TO SEPARATE THE REVETMENT INTO SEGMENTS. SITE CONDITION
MUST BE CONSIDERED ALSO.
BERM IS PROVIDED FOR STABILITY AND CONSTRUCTION
CONVENIENCE OF THE REVETMENT. BERM SHALL BE AT LEAST 1.0
METER IN WIDTH. IT IS ALSO PROVIDED FOR A DIKE WITH
HEIGHT OF MORE THAN 5 METERS WITH A WIDTH USUALLY
MORE THAN 3.0 METERS. THEREFORE, THE WIDTH OF THE BERM
FOR REVETMENT BECOMES MORE THAN 3.0 METERS.
 DESIGN CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
 REVETMENT
 THICKNESS: THE THICKNESS OF REVETMENT IS GENERALLY BASED
ON THE FLOW VELOCITY, SEDIMENT RUNOFF LIKELY TO OCCUR
IN THE PROPOSED IMPROVEMENT STRETCH, SOIL AND
GROUNDWATER PRESSURE AT THE BACK OF REVETMENT AND
OTHER ASSOCIATED FACTORS. MINIMUM OVERALL THICKNESS
SHALL BE 300 MM FOR ALL TYPES OF REVETMENT, EXCEPT FOR
REINFORCED CONCRETE TYPE.
 HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS
HYDROLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE MOVEMENT,
DISTRIBUTION, AND QUALITY OF WATER ON EARTH AND
OTHER PLANETS, INCLUDING THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, WATER
RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL WATERSHED
SUSTAINABILITY.
 RUNOFF CALCULATION METHODS
 RATIONAL METHOD – AREAS LESS THAN 20KM2
 UNIT HYDROGRAPH METHOD – AREAS GREATER THAN 20 KM2
 GUMBEL’S METHOD – RECORD OF ANNUAL DISCHARGES
 SPECIFIC DISCHARGE METHOD
 MEFL – BASED ON THE RESULT OF FIELD SURVEY
 HEC – HMS SOFTWARE (RUNOFF MODEL USING RAINFALL DATA)
 EXISTING STUDIES ON MAJOR RIVERS
 IT IS AN IMPORTANT INPUT IN DECIDING THE APPROPRIATE
TYPES OF COUNTERMEASURES TO BE ADOPTED IN A RIVER
IMPROVEMENT PLAN AND FOR THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF
SUCH COUNTERMEASURES.
See “Specific Discharge Curve, Rainfall Intensity Duration Curve, Isohyet of Probable 1-
day Rainfall” by JICA, Project ENCA, 2003
SAMPLE DELINEATED WATERSHED MAP
 RUNOFF ANALYSIS AIMS TO ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
THE AMOUNT OF RAINFALL AND THE RIVER DISCHARGES.
 IN THE RUNOFF MODEL METHOD, THE DESIGN DISCHARGE IS
DETERMINED FROM THE PROBABLE RAINFALL.

There are many methods for runoff analysis:

i. Rational Formula
ii. Unit Hydrograph Method
If the catchment area is < 20 km2

If the catchment area is ≥ 20 km2

Basic equation:

Qp : Max. flood discharge (m3/s)

c : Dimensionless runoff coefficient
I : Rainfall intensity within the time of
flood concentration (mm/hr)
A : Catchment area (km2)
The runoff coefficient (c) is the least precise variable of the Rational Formula implying a
fixed ratio of peak runoff rate to rainfall rate for the catchment area.

Runoff Coefficient applied for Metro Manila and other Urban Cities
Surface Characteristics Runoff Coefficient
Low (Urban Area) 0.5
Middle (Urban Area) 0.65
High (Urban Area) 0.8
Factory 0.5
Open Space 0.35
Paddy 0.1
Farm Land 0.3
Mountain 0.8
Time of concentration (tc) refers to the period of time for the
storm water or rain water to flow from the most distant point
of the drainage area to the point under consideration.

tc : Time of concentration (minutes)

L : Length of watercourse (m)
H : Difference in elevation (m)
S : Average basin slope (S=H/L)
Rainfall Intensity Duration Curve, Isohyet of Probable 1-day Rainfall” by JICA, Project ENCA, 2003
Rainfall Intensity (I) is the average
rainfall rate in mm/hr with the safety
level indicated in the form of return
period for a catchment area during
the concentration time.
The rainfall intensity is obtained from:
RIDF of PAGASA Synoptic Rainfall Station
- Used when one of the stations is near the target river
basin or at least 50 km. radius

Specific Coefficient
- Used when no synoptic station is located near the
catchment area or outside 50 km. radius
See “Specific Discharge Curve, Rainfall Intensity Duration Curve, Isohyet of
Probable 1-day Rainfall” by JICA, Project ENCA, 2003
Basic Equation:

*Short duration (10 min to 1 hour)

*Long duration (1 hour to 1 day)
 Read representative β of the target river basin from ISO-SPECIFIC
COEFFICIENT.
 Read probable 1-day rainfall (R) corresponding to the n-year return
period from ISOHYET OF PROBABLE 1-DAY RAINFALL.
 Compute b from the following equation:
b = log β / 1.3802
 Obtain RIDF from the following equation:
It = (24/t)b I24 Note: (I24 = R/24)
where:
It : Rainfall Intensity for duration t(mm/hr)
I24 : 1 Day Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)
t : time in hours
 REQUIRED DATA
 Physical conditions of basins
 Catchment Area
 Length of watercourse or river reach
 Elevations
 CATCHMENT AREA
DRAINAGE BASIN, ALSO CALLED CATCHMENT AREA, OR WATERSHED, IS AN
AREA FROM WHICH ALL PRECIPITATION FLOWS TO A SINGLE STREAM OR
SET OF STREAMS.
 DELINEATION
IT IS PART OF THE PROCESS KNOWN AS WATERSHED SEGMENTATION, I.E.,
DIVIDING THE WATERSHED INTO DISCRETE LAND AND CHANNEL SEGMENTS TO
ANALYSE WATERSHED BEHAVIOUR. SO WE CAN CHARACTERIZE AND INVESTIGATE
WHAT IS GOING ON IN ONE PORTION OF THE STUDY AREA VERSUS ANOTHER.

Subbasin 2

Subbasin 1

Subbasin 3
1. AREA OF THE DELINEATED WATERSHED OR CATCHMENT
2. LENGTH OF MAIN WATERCOURSE (RIVER, STREAMS, CREEKS)
3. LENGTH OF MAIN WATERCOURSE FROM THE CENTER OF AREA
4. ELEVATION AT THE POINT OF INTEREST AND ORIGIN
5. LAG TIME COEFFICIENTS
 HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
 HYDRAULICS IS THE SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH THE LAWS GOVERNING
WATER OR OTHER LIQUIDS IN MOTION AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN
ENGINEERING, PRACTICAL OR APPLIED HYDRODYNAMICS.

BASIC EQUATION
Q = AV
OPEN CHANNEL MANNING’S EQUATION
V = 1R2/3S1/2 WHERE :
n
R=A
P
S = river bed slope
n = manning’s roughness coefficient 47
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 HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS

HEC – RAS :
 WATER SURFACE PROFILE (DESIGN FLOOD LEVEL)
 OTHER HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
 FLOW AREA
 FLOW VELOCITY
 HYDRAULIC DEPTH
 FROUDE NUMBER
 TOP WIDTH
 SCOUR DEPTH
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