Faculty of Architecture

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,Lucknow

THE TEMPLE-CITIES OF THE JAINS

Sumbul Afreen
Reena Roy

M.Arch I Yr. II Sem Session 2018-19

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The temple cities of the Jains
Contents CHRONOLOGY
1.Chronology
• Vedic Civilization :5000 BC
2. Introduction • Indus & Sarasvati Civilizations : 2500 -1000 BC
3. History
• Birth of Jainism and Buddhism 563 – 400 BC
4. Adinatha Temple
• Golden Age of India Unity & Govt. : Mauryan Dynasty : 325 -175 BC
5.Plan of Adinatha • Golden Age of Indian Arts & Science : Gupta Dynasty : 300 – 650 AD
Temple
6. Dilwara Temple • Regional Kingdoms and Muslim Invasions : 700 – 1200 A
Complex • The Mughal Empire : 1300 – 1700 AD
7.Unique Temples of
Dilwara • The British East – India Company : 1600 A.D.
8.The Hills of Girnar • The British Empire :1700 – 1900 A.D
9.Neminath Temple • India’s Freedom Struggle : 1857 - 1947
10.Temple of Vastupala
• Independence : 1947
11.Palitana Temples
• Modern India 2020 Vision : 20th and 21st Century
12.Chaumukh Temple at
Satrunjaya
References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu
13. References Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
Sumbul Afreen
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
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The temple cities of the Jains
Contents
INTRODUCTION
1. Chronology
The founder of Jainism is Vardamana
2. Introduction or Mahavira (Great Hero). But it is said
that he is the last Tirthankara or Jina
3. History
(Victor) and the first one is Adinatha.
4. Adinatha Temple
5.Plan of Adinatha All of Jain temples are dedicated to one
of the 24 Tirthankaras.
Temple
6. Dilwara Temple In Jain style of architecture , bricks were
Complex hardly used , and the system of carving
7.Unique Temples of out temples of rock faces was adopted.
Dilwara
Jain architecture has influence of Figure 1.ranakpur temple
8.The Hills of Girnar Hindu and Buddhist styles. (https://st.depositphotos.com/1905483/1761/i/950/depositphotos_17615611-
stock-photo-adinath-temple-ranakpur-india.jpg)
9.Neminath Temple
10.Temple of Vastupala
11.Palitana Temples
12.Chaumukh Temple at
Satrunjaya
References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu
13. References Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
Sumbul Afreen
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
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The temple cities of the Jains

Contents CHRONOLOGY OF JAINISM

1.Introduction  (877 -777) BC – PARSHANATH, 23rd tirthankar of jainism. He is the earliest jain
2. Chronology leader.
who can reliably dated (877-777 BCE).
3. History
 (599 - 527) BC - MAHAVIRA, 24TH and the last tirthankar of this Era. He was the
4. Adinatha Temple founder of jainism.
5.Plan of Adinatha  (497 – 425) BC - Modern scholarly dates of Mahavira, based on the dating of
Temple Buddha’s death as either 411 0r 400 CE. Buddha traditional
6. Dilwara Temple dates are (563- 483) BCE. MAHAVIRA and BUDDHA were
Complex contemporaries.
 527 BC - Beginning of the Jain Era.
7.Unique Temples of
 367 BC - The Mauraya emperor,Chandraguta ,Accompanies the jain
Dilwara
Bhadrabahu in his migration south.
8.The Hills of Girnar  (2nd – 3rd ) BC - In Magadha,Emperor ashok converts to Buddhism.
9.Neminath Temple Jain start migrating from eastern india, centre of his power.
10. Temple of Vastupala
11.Palitana Temples  (5TH CENTURY ) - The Trimula complex in Tamil Naidu is Established.
12.Chaumukh Temple at
Satrunjaya References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu
Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
Sumbul Afreen
13. References
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
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The temple cities of the Jains

Contents HISTORY
1.Introduction In the initial years , many Jain temples were made
2. Chronology adjoining to the Buddhist temples following the
Buddhist rock cut style.
3. History

4. Adinatha Temple However , in later years Jains started building

5.Plan of Adinatha temple cities on hills based on the concept of
‘mountains of immortality’.
Temple
6. Dilwara Temple In later years when Jains discovered the concepts
Complex of mountains of immortality , they proceeded to
7.Unique Temples of deviate from Hindu and Buddhist sites and build
on their own.
Dilwara
8.The Hills of Girnar
An important aspect to be noted is that Hindus
9.Neminath Temple and Buddhist built temples , Jain built temple
10.Temple of Vastupala cities on hills.
Figure 2.scultures
11.Palitana Temples (https://i.pinimg.com/originals/51/6d/10/516d10
b50949ad8e37babfea3cbba79f.jpg)
12.Chaumukh Temple at
Satrunjaya References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu Sumbul Afreen
13. References Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
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The temple cities of the Jains

Contents ADINATHA TEMPLE

1.Introduction • The Adinatha Temple of Ranakpur is also
2. Chronology named Dharma Vihara temple after its
builder.
3. History
• The temple is very large. It stands on a
4. Adinatha Temple basement of 60m x 62m which is like a
stronghold.
5.Plan of Adinatha
• On the top of a flight of stairs at the
Temple
central entrance, there is a three-storied Figure 1.ranakpur ceiling
(https://previews.agefotostock.com/previewimage/medibigoff/
6. Dilwara Temple "Balanaka" (entrance hall), which has a 6f8f4bf4081299bf287c603b42cd0831/dpa-stp-186794.jpg)

Complex dome roof.

7.Unique Temples of • A large number of columns are carved
elaborately, and it is said that no two pillars
Dilwara
are alike in design.
8.The Hills of Girnar
• At a space that penetrates through two to
9.Neminath Temple three stories, various heights of domes are
10.Temple of Vastupala placed, and their ceilings have sculptures
that are unbelievably intricate.
11.Palitana Temples
Figure 4.columns
12.Chaumukh Temple at (https://image.shutterstock.com/image-photo/interior-
view-famous-jain-temple-260nw-1149086000.jpg)
Satrunjaya References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu
Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd. Sumbul Afreen
13. References
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
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The temple cities of the Jains

Contents PLAN Adinatha Temple ,

1.Introduction Ranakpur
2. Chronology Mula -prasada
3. History
Garbagriha
4. Adinatha Temple
a. Rang Mandapa
5.Plan of Adinatha
b. Meghnad Mandapa
Temple
6. Dilwara Temple Bhadra prasada
Complex
Bhadra prasada
7.Unique Temples of
Dilwara
Mahadara - prasada
8.The Hills of Girnar
9.Neminath Temple
Dev kulika
10.Temple of Vastupala Bhamati
11.Palitana Temples
12.Chaumukh Temple at
http://www.kamit.jp/03_jaina/6_ranakpur/ran_eng.htm
Satrunjaya References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu
Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
Sumbul Afreen
13. References
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
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The temple cities of the Jains

Contents ADINATHA TEMPLE , RANAKPUR

1.Introduction • Central Main Shrine is called "Mula-prasada,"
2. Chronology • its interior is "Garbagriha" (sanctum), its main statue is "Mulanayaka."
• In the type of Chaturumukha (four-faced) shrine unlike the case of Mt.Abu,
3. History there are not "Gudha-mandapa" (closed hall) and "Trikamandapa“
4. Adinatha Temple (vestibule),But four "Ranga-mandapas"(A, assembly hall) in front of four
portals of the main shrine.
5.Plan of Adinatha
• Each Ranga-mandapa connects with three storyed "Meghanada-mandapa"
Temple (B , high hall) in front. Having four "Mahadara-prasada“ (two-faced-shrine)
6. Dilwara Temple diagonally in four directions of the main shrine, the temple type is
Complex "Panchayatana" (five-shrined-type).
• In addition to this, there are two "Bhadra-prasada" east and west sides,
7.Unique Temples of
making the total composition much more intricate.
Dilwara • A line of "Deva-kulika" (small shrine) along "Bhamati" (cloister) surround the
8.The Hills of Girnar whole complex. All these shrines hold a statue of Tirthankara or Jina (four
in Chaturmukha, two in Mahadara-prasada), there are more than 100 statues
9.Neminath Temple
in total.
10.Temple of Vastupala
11.Palitana Temples
12.Chaumukh Temple at
Satrunjaya References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu Sumbul Afreen
13. References Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
 9
The temple cities of the Jains
DILWARA TEMPLE COMPLEX
Contents
1.Introduction • The Dilwara temples of India are located about 2½km from Mount Abu,
2. Chronology Rajasthan's only hill station.
• These Jain temples were built by Vastupal Tejpal , a Jain laymen between the
3. History
11th and 13th centuries AD and are world famous for their stunning use of
4. Adinatha Temple
marble.
5.Plan of Adinatha
• The five legendary marble temples of Dilwara are a sacred pilgrimage place of
Temple
the Jains.
6. Dilwara Temple
• Although each temple has symmetrical plan, there is no axis that runs
Complex through this group of temples as a whole.
7.Unique Temples of • The mandapas of the mini-shrines were joined to form a cloister.
Dilwara • Into the residual space between the quadrangle and the temple, the architects
inserted a pavilion held up by highly ornate columns of lavish sculptural detail.
8.The Hills of Girnar
• The temples, of local white arasa marble, are carved as if made of wood.
9.Neminath Temple
• The temples are in the midst of a range of forested hills. A high wall shrouds the
10.Temple of Vastupala
temple complex.
11.Palitana Temples • The ornamental detail spreading over the minutelycarved ceilings, doorways,
12.Chaumukh Temple at pillars and panels is simply marvelous.
Satrunjaya
13. References
References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu Sumbul Afreen
Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
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The temple cities of the Jains 0

Contents
FOUR UNIQUE TEMPLES OF DILWARA :
1.Introduction
• There are five temples in all, each with its own unique identity.
2. Chronology 1. Vimal Vasahi, dedicated to the first Jain Tirthankara, Adinatha.
3. History 2. Luna Vasahi, dedicated to the 22nd Jain Tirthankara,Neminatha.
3. Pithalhar, dedicated to the first Jain Tirthankar, Rishabha.
4. Adinatha Temple 4. Parshvanath, dedicated to the 23rd Jain Tirthankara, Parshvanatha.
5.Plan of Adinatha • The most famous are the Vimal Vasahi and Luna Vasahi temples.
Temple • Each is named after the small village in which it is located.
6. Dilwara Temple • Each temple sits high off the ground on its own terrace and is accessed on
Complex
its flank by steps spilling out from a multi tiered porch.
• The plans are modeled on Hindu precedents, with a main garbha-griha
7.Unique Temples of
preceded by amandapa.
Dilwara • The central deity of the site is Adinath, one of the Tirthankars; shrines to
8.The Hills of Girnar all the Tirthankars were added to each temple later on.
9.Neminath Temple
• As a result, the individual temples came to be surrounded by a quadrangle
composed of rows of mini-shrines.
10.Temple of Vastupala
11.Palitana Temples
12.Chaumukh Temple at
Satrunjaya References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu
Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
Sumbul Afreen
13. References James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
 1
The temple cities of the Jains 1
FOUR UNIQUE TEMPLES OF DILWARA
Contents
:
1.Introduction

2. Chronology

3. History

4. Adinatha Temple
5.Plan of Adinatha
Temple
6. Dilwara Temple
Complex
7.Unique Temples of
Dilwara
8.The Hills of Girnar
9.Neminath Temple
10.Temple of Vastupala
11.Palitana Temples
12.Chaumukh Temple at
Satrunjaya References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu
Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
Sumbul Afreen
13. References
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
 1
The temple cities of the Jains 2
VIMAL VASAHI TEMPLE
Contents
1.Introduction • This temple carved entirely out of white
2. Chronology marble was built in 1031 A.D. by Vimal Shah, a
minister of Bhimdev I, the Chalukya King
3. History (Solanki Maharaja) of Gujarat.
4. Adinatha Temple • The temple stands in a open courtyard
surrounded by a corridor, which has numerous
5.Plan of Adinatha cells containing smaller idols of the
Temple tirthankaras.
6. Dilwara Temple • The richly carved corridors, pillars, arches, and Figure 4.vimal vasahi
(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1
'mandaps‘ or porticoes of the temple are 6/Durga_Temple_Ceiling%2C_Aihole%2C_Karnataka.jpg)
Complex
simply amazing.
7.Unique Temples of • The ceilings feature engraved of lotus bud
Dilwara petals, flowers and scenes from Jain
mythology.
8.The Hills of Girnar
• The Rang mandap is a grand hall supported
9.Neminath Temple by 12 decorated pillars and nicely carved out
10.Temple of Vastupala arches with a breathtaking central dome.
• On the pillars are carved female figurines
11.Palitana Temples
playing musical instruments and 16
12.Chaumukh Temple at Vidhyadevis, or the goddesses of knowle dge, Figure 5.vimal columns
(https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-
Satrunjaya each one holding her own symbol. s/0e/d0/2a/d2/dilwara-temple-mount.jpg)
References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu Sumbul Afreen
13. References Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
 1
The temple cities of the Jains 3
Contents VIMAL VASAHI TEMPLE
1.Introduction • The Nav chowki is a collection of nine rectangular
2. Chronology ceilings, each one containing beautiful carvings of
different designs supported on ornate pillars.
3. History

4. Adinatha Temple • The Gudh Mandap is a simple hall once you step
5.Plan of Adinatha inside its heavily decorated doorway.
Figure 6.vimal ceiling
Temple (https://www.remotetraveler.com/wp-
content/gallery/dilwara-temple-mount-
6. Dilwara Temple • Installed here is the idol of Adi Nath or lord abu/Carvings-of-goddess-of-wisdom-on-ceiling-of-
Rishabdev, as he is also known. Vimal-Vasahi-Temple-Dilwara-temple-complex-
Complex Mount-Abu-2.jpg)
7.Unique Temples of
Dilwara • The mandap is meant for Aarti to the deity.
8.The Hills of Girnar
9.Neminath Temple • The hastishala (elephant cell) was constructed by
prithvipal,a descendent of vimal shah in 1147-49
10.Temple of Vastupala
and features a row of elephants in sculpture.
11.Palitana Temples
12.Chaumukh Temple at Figure 7.apsara
http://www.kamit.jp/03_jaina/1_abu/apsara.jp
Satrunjaya g
References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu
13. References Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd. Sumbul Afreen
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
 1
The temple cities of the Jains 4

Contents LUNA VASAHI TEMPLE

1.Introduction • The Luna Vasahi temple is dedicated to Lord
Neminath.
2. Chronology
• This magnificent temple was built in 1230
3. History by two Porwad brothers -
4. Adinatha Temple Vastupal and Tejpal both ministers of a
Virdhaval, the Vaghela ruler of Gujarat.
5.Plan of Adinatha
• The temple built in memory of their late b
Temple
rother Luna was designed after the
6. Dilwara Temple Vimal Vasahi temple. Figure 1luna temple
https://media3.picsearch.com/is?5ejvhnN7fVZBjIa
Complex • The main hall or Rang Mandap features a central Gk4RkNnyKWel0sHoWkHKWKxs8X0Q&height=316
7.Unique Temples of dome from which hangs a big ornamental pendent
Dilwara featuring elaborate carving.
8.The Hills of Girnar • Arranged in a circular band are 72 figures of
Tirthankars in sitting posture and just below this
9.Neminath Temple
band are 360 small figures of Jain monks in
10.Temple of Vastupala another circular band.
11.Palitana Temples
Figure 2 dome
12.Chaumukh Temple at http://harryiyer001.blogspot.com/2007/12/mount
-abu.html
Satrunjaya
References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu Sumbul Afreen
13. References Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
 1
The temple cities of the Jains 5

Contents LUNA VASAHI TEMPLE

1.Introduction
• The Navchowki features some of the most
2. Chronology magnificent and delicate marble stone
cutting work of the temple.
3. History
• Each of the nine ceilings here seems to
4. Adinatha Temple exceed the others in beauty and grace. The
5.Plan of Adinatha Gudh mandap features a black marble idol
of the 22nd tirthankar Neminatha.
Temple
• The Kirthi Stambha is a big black stone
6. Dilwara Temple pillar that stands on the left side of the
Complex temple.
7.Unique Temples of • The pillar was constructed by Maharana
Kumbha of Mewar.
Dilwara • The remaining three temples of Dilwara
8.The Hills of Girnar are smaller but just as elegant as the
9.Neminath Temple other two.
Figure 2 ceiling corner sculpture
10.Temple of Vastupala http://harryiyer001.blogspot.com/2007/12/m
ount-abu.html
11.Palitana Temples
12.Chaumukh Temple at
Satrunjaya References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu Sumbul Afreen
13. References Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
 1
The temple cities of the Jains 6

Contents PITTALHAR TEMPLE

1.Introduction
• This temple was built by Bhamashah kavdia of Rajasthan.
2. Chronology
• A massive metal statue of the first tirthankara, Rishabha Dev (Adinath),
3. History cast in five metals, is installed in the temple. The main metal used in this
statue is 'Pital’ (brass), hence the name 'Pittalhar'.
4. Adinatha Temple
• The Shrine consists of a main Garbhagriha, Gudh mandap and
5.Plan of Adinatha Navchowki. It seems that the construction of Rangmandap and the
Temple corridor was left
6. Dilwara Temple unfinished as probably builder of the temple Bhamashah, who was
minister of Maharana Pratap decided to aide Pratap in those difficult
Complex
times.
7.Unique Temples of • The old mutilated idol was replaced and installed in 1468-69 AD
Dilwara • weighing 108 maunds (about 40 quintals or four metric tons) according to
8.The Hills of Girnar the inscription on it. The image was cast by an artist 'Deta‘ which is 8 ft
9.Neminath Temple (2.4 m). high, 5.5 ft (1.7 m). Broad and the figure is 41 inches (1,000 mm)
10.Temple of Vastupala in height.
• In Gudh Mandap on one side, a big marble PanchTirthi sculpture of
11.Palitana Temples
Adinatha is installed.
12.Chaumukh Temple at
Satrunjaya
References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu Sumbul Afreen
13. References Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
 1
The temple cities of the Jains 7

Contents PARSHAVANATH TEMPLE

1.Introduction
• The temple dedicated to Lord
2. Chronology
Parshavanath, was built by Mandlik and
3. History his family in 1458-59.
• It consists of a three storied building,
4. Adinatha Temple the tallest of all shrines at Dilwara. On
5.Plan of Adinatha all the four faces big Mandaps.
Temple • The outer walls of the sanctum
comprise beautiful sculptures in grey
6. Dilwara Temple
sandstone depictind Dikpals,
Complex Vidhyadevis, Yakshinis, shalabhanjikas
7.Unique Temples of and other decorative sculptures
comparable to the ones in khajuraho Figure 1central dome
Dilwara https://media1.picsearch.com/is?hBvAGkEImO-
konark. 1XxuYpc1TtWEp6jPd4K57BHlshzSom0A&height=313
8.The Hills of Girnar
9.Neminath Temple
10.Temple of Vastupala
11.Palitana Temples
12.Chaumukh Temple at
Satrunjaya References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu Sumbul Afreen
13. References Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
 1
The temple cities of the Jains 8

Contents THE HILLS OF GIRNAR

1.Introduction
• The hills of Girnar, in the south of
2. Chronology
Kathiawar peninsula of Gujarat,not far
3. History from Junagadh, is another tirtha of the
Jains as sacred.
4. Adinatha Temple • The hill is regarded by the Jains as
5.Plan of Adinatha sacred to Neminath, the 22nd of their
Temple Tirthankaras & who is represented as
the cousin of the Hindu Krishna.
6. Dilwara Temple
• Situated on the first plateau of Mount Figure 8: GIRNAR HILLS
(https://www.tourmyindia.com/images/girnar-hill-junagadh2.jpg)
Complex Girnar at the height of about 3800 steps,
7.Unique Temples of at an altitude of 2370 ft above Junagadh,
still some 600 ft below the first summit
Dilwara
of Girnar, there are Jain temples with
8.The Hills of Girnar marvelous carvings in marble.
9.Neminath Temple • Some 16 Jain temples here form a sort
of fort on the ledge at the top of the
10.Temple of Vastupala
great cliff. These temples are along the
11.Palitana Temples west face of the hill, and are all
Figure 9:GIRNAR HILLS VIEW
12.Chaumukh Temple at enclosed. (http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/image/Mo
untains/Girnar%20Hill_%203.jpg)
Satrunjaya References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu Sumbul Afreen
13. References Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
 1
The temple cities of the Jains 9

Contents NEMINATH TEMPLE

1.Introduction
• Neminath is basically the largest,
2. Chronology possibly also the oldest of all these.An
3. History inscription upon it records that it was
repaired in A.D 1278.
4. Adinatha Temple
5.Plan of Adinatha • The plan & the outline are generally
Temple
,however, left as they were originally
erected.
6. Dilwara Temple
Complex • It stands in a courtyard measuring 195
7.Unique Temples of ft. by 130 ft. over all externally.
Dilwara • Around the courtyard are arranged
8.The Hills of Girnar some seventy cells with a covered &
9.Neminath Temple enclosed passage in front of them &
each of them contains a cross legged
10.Temple of Vastupala
seated figure of one of the Tirthankaras
11.Palitana Temples & generally with a bas-relief or picture
12.Chaumukh Temple at representing Yakshas or spirit Figure 10:plan of neminath
temple(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Neminat
attendants. ha_temple_plan%2C_Girnar%2C_Jain_architecture%2C_Gujarat.jpg)
Satrunjaya
References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu Sumbul Afreen
13. References Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
 2
The temple cities of the Jains 0

Contents NEMINATH TEMPLE

1.Introduction

2. Chronology

3. History

4. Adinatha Temple
5.Plan of Adinatha
Temple
6. Dilwara Temple
Complex
7.Unique Temples of
Dilwara
8.The Hills of Girnar
9.Neminath Temple
10.Temple of Vastupala
11.Palitana Temples
Figure 12.NEMINATH TEMPLE(http://www.kamit.jp/03_jaina/7_pilgrim/girnar.jpg)
12.Chaumukh Temple at
Satrunjaya References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu Sumbul Afreen
Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
13. References James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
 2
The temple cities of the Jains 1

Contents TEMPLE OF VASTUPALA

1.Introduction • The temple of Vastupala is a triple one erected by the brothers Tejahpala &
2. Chronology
Vastupala.
• Vastupala-vihara is a triple temple, the central fane measuring 53 feet by 291⁄2 has
3. History two domes and finely carved but much mutilated and the shrine which is 13 feet
square with a large niche or gokhlaon the left side contains an image of Mallinatha.
4. Adinatha Temple
• On either side this central temple, there is a large hall about 38 feet 6 inches from
5.Plan of Adinatha door to door containing a remarkable solid pile of masonry called
Temple a samovasarana that on the north side named Sumeru having a square base and the
6. Dilwara Temple other Sameta Sikhara with a nearly circular one.
• Each rises in four tiers of diminishing width almost to the roof and is surmounted by
Complex a small square canopy over images. The upper tiers are reached by steps arranged for
7.Unique Temples of the purpose. On the outside of the shrine tower are three small niches in which
Dilwara images have been placed and there are stone ladders up to the niches to enable
the pujaris to reach them.
8.The Hills of Girnar
• The temple was completed in 1232 CE.
9.Neminath Temple • Originally Shatrunjayavatara Adinatha was the central deity of the temple.
10.Temple of Vastupala • The roofs of temple were rebuilt in the 15th century.
11.Palitana Temples
12.Chaumukh Temple at
Satrunjaya References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu Sumbul Afreen
13. References Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
 2
The temple cities of the Jains 2

Contents TEMPLE OF VASTUPALA

1.Introduction

2. Chronology

3. History

4. Adinatha Temple
5.Plan of Adinatha
Temple
6. Dilwara Temple
Complex
7.Unique Temples of
Dilwara
8.The Hills of Girnar
Figure 14.vastupala
9.Neminath Temple Figure 13:plan of vastupala vihara
vihara(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girnar_Jain_temples#/media/File:Vastupala
(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Vastupala_Tejap
_Vihara_Jain_temple_on_Girnar_hill.jpg)
ala_triple_temple_plan%2C_Girnar%2C_Jain_architecture%2C_Gujarat.jpg)
10.Temple of Vastupala
11.Palitana Temples
12.Chaumukh Temple at
Satrunjaya References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu
Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
Sumbul Afreen
13. References James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
 2
The temple cities of the Jains 3

Contents PALITANA TEMPLES

1.Introduction • Palitana temples and whole mountain are
considered the most sacred pilgrimage
2. Chronology
place (tirtha) by the Jain community, and is
3. History the world's largest Temple Complex. There
are more than 3000 temples located on
4. Adinatha Temple
the Shatrunjaya hills, exquisitely carved in
5.Plan of Adinatha marble.
Temple • The main temple on top of the hill, is
dedicated to the first Tirthankara
6. Dilwara Temple
Rishabhanatha (Rishabhadeva).
Complex • On the top the Shatrunjai Hill is a cluster of
7.Unique Temples of Jain temples, built by generations of Jains
over a period of 900 years, from the 11th
Dilwara
century onwards.
8.The Hills of Girnar • The most important temple is that of the
9.Neminath Temple first teerthankara, Shri Adishwar. It has
ornate architectural motifs, though in its
10.Temple of Vastupala
overall plan it is simpler than the Figure 15:PALITANA
11.Palitana Temples TEMPLES(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palitana#/media/File:Palita
Choumukh. na.jpg)

12.Chaumukh Temple at
Satrunjaya References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu Sumbul Afreen
Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
13. References James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
 2
The temple cities of the Jains 4

Contents The cluster of Jain temples on Satrunjaya hill near Palitana, Gujarat
1.Introduction

2. Chronology

3. History

4. Adinatha Temple
5.Plan of Adinatha
Temple
6. Dilwara Temple Figure 17:PANAROMIC VIEW(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palitana_temples#/media/File:Palitana_temples.jpg)

Complex
7.Unique Temples of
Dilwara
8.The Hills of Girnar
9.Neminath Temple
10.Temple of Vastupala
11.Palitana Temples
Figure 18:PALITANA Figure 19:palitana temple in
12.Chaumukh Temple at TEMPLES(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palitana_temples#/media/File:Shetrun 1913(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palitana_temples#/media/File:Palita
jay_Palitana_Jain_Temples_drawing_1866.jpg) na_Jain_Temples_1913.jpg)
Satrunjaya References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu Sumbul Afreen
Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
13. References James fergusson , H istory of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
 2
The temple cities of the Jains 5

Contents CHAUMUKH TEMPLE AT SATRUNJAYA

1.Introduction
2. Chronology
3. History
4. Adinatha Temple
5.Plan of Adinatha
Temple
6. Dilwara Temple
Complex
7.Unique Temples of
Dilwara
8.The Hills of Girnar
9.Neminath Temple
10.Temple of Vastupala
11.Palitana Temples
• On the north-east there is an elegant two-
storeyed temple of the peculiar Jaina form
known as a Chaumukh or four-faced
temple.
• It has been erected in 1618.
• It is of two storeys & has a well portioned
sikhara , 96 ft. in height.
• It consists of a mandap on the east 31 ft.2
in. square with twelve pillars forming an
inner square on which rests the dome 21
ft. 6 in. across & the shrine beyond it , is
23 ft. square with entries on all sides.
• In the centre of this is the great quadruple
image of Adinath, placed on a marble
throne about 11 ft. square with pillars at
the corners.
• The west half of the shrine is surrounded
by a verandah, the pillars of which are very
richly carved,having on their capitals Figure 16:plan of chaumukh temple

12.Chaumukh Temple at musicians & dancing figures.

Satrunjaya
References : Brown, P. (2014). Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu Sumbul Afreen
13. References Architecture. New Delhi:CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
James fergusson , History of Indian and Eastern Architecture Reena Roy
References :

http://www.kamit.jp/03_jaina/1_abu/abu_eng.htm 2/
http://www.kamit.jp/03_jaina/6_ranakpur/ran_eng.htm
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/11168123.jpg
http://harryiyer001.blogspot.in/2007/12/mount-abu.html
http://www.wikipedia.com
http://images.google.com
http://www.flickr.com

BOOKS

1.PERCY BROWN
2.HISTORY OF INDIAN & EASTERN ARCHITECTURE-James Ferrugson
THANK YOU..
Sumbul Afreen
Reena Roy