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Aspek Laboratorium Kelainan

Hormon Tiroid dan Paratiroid


Kelainan Tiroid:
1. Morfologi:
 Kelenjar membesar (goiter/struma) / tidak ?

2. Fungsional:
 Hipertiroid

 Hipotiroidi

 Eutiroidi

PREVALENSI
WHO : wanita : laki-laki = (9 - 10) :1
Indonesia : 3 - 4 : 1
Penggunaan sarana diagnotik belum memadai ?
Goiter/ Struma
 Sign and symptom hyperthyroid
 Increased heart rate
 Anxiety
 Weight loss
 Difficulty sleeping
 Tremors in the hands
 Weakness
 Diarrhea
 Puffiness around the eyes, dryness, irritation, or bulging of the
eyes
Fungsional: Hipertiroid
Sign and symptom hypothyroid
 Weight gain
 Dry skin
 Constipation
 Cold intolerance
 Puffy skin
 Hair loss
 Fatigue
 Menstrual irregularity in women
Fungsional: Hipotiroid
Tes panel tiroid :
 TSH →
 hipotiroid,
 hipertiroid,
 penyaring pada neonatus,
 monitor terapi

 T4 atau fT4 →
 hipotiroid, (lebih sensitif dibanding T3)
 hipertiroid,
 penyaring pada neonatus,

 T3 atau fT3 →
 Hipertiroid (lebih sensitif dibanding T4
Interpretasi
TSH T4 T3 Interpretation
High Normal Normal Mild (subclinical) hypothyroidism

High Low Low or normal Hypothyroidism

Mild (subclinical)
Low Normal Normal
hyperthyroidism

Low High or normal High or normal Hyperthyroidism

Non-thyroidal illness; rare


Low Low or normal Low or normal pituitary (secondary)
hypothyroidism
Tes Lanjutan
Tes Lanjutan
 T3 uptake is also known as T3 Resin Uptake (T3RU) or Thyroid
Uptake. It estimates how much thyroid hormone-binding proteins are
available in the blood through a calculation based on levels of T3 or T4
added to a person's blood specimen. It is rarely ordered anymore in
favor of free T3 and free T4 levels.
 Calcitonin - to help detect the presence of excessive calcitonin
production as can occur with C-cell hyperplasia and medullary thyroid
cancer
 Thyroglobulin- to monitor treatment of thyroid cancer
 Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) - to evaluate patients with
abnormal T4 and T3 levels
 Protein bound iodine (PBI) test determination of thyroid
function by measuring the amount of iodine contained in compounds
bound to plasma proteins.
Urinary Iodine Testing
 is used to assess the urinary iodine concentration in the
urine.
 90% of dietary iodine is eventually released into the urine.

MEDIAN URINARY IODINE RELATIVE IODINE


CONCENTRATION (�g/L) NUTRITION

< 20 Major deficiency

20-49 Moderate deficiency

50-99 Mild deficiency

100-199 Optimal

200-299 More than adequate

>299 Possible excess


Non-Laboratory Tests

 Thyroid Scans – a test that uses radioactive iodine or


technetium to look for thyroid gland abnormalities and to
evaluate thyroid function in different areas of the thyroid
 Ultrasound – an imaging scan that allows doctors to
determine whether a nodule is solid or fluid-filled and can
help measure the size of the thyroid gland
 Biopsies – often a fine-needle biopsy, a procedure that
involves inserting a needle into the thyroid and removing a
small amount of tissue and/or fluid from a nodule or other
area that the doctor wants to examine; an ultrasound is used
to guide the needle into the correct position.
Thyroid disorders
 Graves' disease
 thyroid nodules
 Hashimoto's thyroiditis
 trauma to the thyroid,
 thyroid cancer
 birth defects.
 Euthyroid sick syndrome
Tiroiditis
Jarang mengalami inflamasi akut, tapi sering terjadi infiltrasi
limfositik & fibrosis. Bentuk histologik “immune-mediated
chronic inflamation” disebut tiroiditis limfositik atau peny
Hashimoto sering disertai pembesaran glanduler. Titer
antibodi tiroglob yg tinggi & antigen mikrosomal  gejala
patognomonik tiroiditis limfositik
Tiroiditis
Kadar hormon normal bila ada gondok tapi progresivitas
destruksi jaringan  hipotiroid. T4 biasanya normal pada
awalnya, tapi mungkin  kerusakan folikuler  yod non-
hormonal masuk sirkulasi. PBI  disertai T4 rendah-normal
 susp folliculer disruption
Euthyroid sick syndrome
Sakit tertentu  klinik/laboratorik hipo-tiroidism, dengan riwayat
peny neoplastik, DM, luka bakar, trauma, kondisi Cardiovasculer,
peny hati, gagal ginjal atau infeksi yg lama sering disertai T3 & T4
turun  hipometabolisme.
Ada 2 perubahan yg menandai penetapan kelainan hormonal. Pada
sakit berat serum pre-alb turun cepat  hormon binding capacity
berkurang. Sbg tambahan Jml T4 deiodonated T3 turun bermakna,
sedang kenaikan metabolik  produk reverse T3 inaktif.
Berkurangnya aktivitas hormon, juga binding capacity,  FT4
normal
Fungsional: Eutiroid sick Syndrome
Euthyroid sick syndrome
Bila penetapan T3 tersedia, diagnosis euthyroid sick syndrome
dapat dikonfirmasi dengan kenaikan reverse T3
KELENJAR PARATIROID

 4 buah di sekeliling kelenjar tiroid


 Fungsi : Mengatur kadar Ca darah
Ca darah : 10 mg% (5 mEq/L)
HIPOCALCEMIA
Calsium ekstrasel menurun

Sel saraf lebih excitable


(Permiabilitas )

Potensial aksi spontan

TETANI
HIPERCALCEMIA

 Reflex 
 Konstipasi
 Nafsu makan 
 Sistem saraf ditekan
ABNORMAL
1. HIPOPARATIROID (operasi tiroidektomi
Kadar parathormon 
EFEK :
a. Kalsium  TETANI

Otot larynx paling peka  Spasme/Obstruksi saluran nafas

FATAL
b. Fosfat  (normal 4 mg%) 12 mg%
Hipoparatiroid akibat operasi paratiroidektomi
Hypoparathyroidism
 A condition characterized by underactivity of the parathyroid
glands and reduced production of parathyroid hormone
(PTH), a hormone that controls calcium and phosphate levels
in blood and calcium in bone.
 Symptoms may include tingling in the fingers and toes,
muscle aches and spasms, fatigue, dry skin and brittle nails,
headaches, anxiety, and depression.
hipoparatiroid
1. Kalsium serum rendah. Tetanus terjadi pada kadar kalsium serum
yang berkisar dari 5-6 mg/dl (1,2 - 1,5mmol/L) atau lebih rendah
lagi.
2. Fosfat anorganik dalam serum tinggi
3. Fosfatase alkali normal atau rendah
4. Foto Rontgen:
a) Sering terdapat kalsifikasi yang bilateral pada ganglion basalis di
tengkorak
b) Kadang-kadang terdapat pula kalsifikasi di serebellum dan
pleksus koroid
5. Density dari tulang bisa bertambah
6. EKG: biasanya QT-interval lebih panjang
2. HIPERPARATIROID
Kadar parathormon   Kalsium  (hiperkalsemia)
Fosfat  (hipophosphatemia)
Causa : 1. Tumor
2. Wanita lebih banyak ok Laktasi dan Hamil

Ca plasma 

Merangsang kelenjar paratiroid


(hipertropi bila lama)
Hyperparathyroidisme
 Hiperparatiroidisme primer
hyperfunction dari kelenjar paratiroid sendiri. Ada
oversecretion PTH karena adenoma, hiperplasia atau, jarang,
karsinoma kelenjar paratiroid.
 Hiperparatiroidisme sekunder
reaksi dari kelenjar paratiroid ke hypocalcemia disebabkan
oleh sesuatu selain patologi paratiroid, mis: gagal ginjal
kronis
 Hiperparatiroidisme tersier
hasil dari hiperplasia kelenjar paratiroid dan hilangnya respon
terhadap kadar kalsium serum. Gangguan ini paling sering
terlihat pada pasien dengan gagal ginjal kronis.
Hiperparatiroid
 Laboratorium:
1) Kalsium serum meninggi
2) Fosfat serum rendah
3) Fosfatase alkali meninggi
4) Kalsium dan fosfat dalam urin bertambah
5) Foto Rontgen:
o Tulang menjadi tipis, ada dekalsifikasi
o Cystic-cystic dalam tulang
o Trabeculae di tulang
PA: osteoklas, osteoblast, dan jaringan fibreus bertambah
RIKETSIA
 Pada anak
 Defesiensi Ca dan Fosfat pada cairan ekstrasel

Causa : defesiensi vitamin D

7-dehydrocholesterol (pro-vitamin D)

Ultra violet 

Vitamin D

Tractus digestivus

Absorbsi Ca  dan Fosfat 


Efek Fisiologis Riketsia :
1. Hiperplasia kelenjar paratiroid
2. Kekuatan tulang 
3. Tetani

Pengobatan :
Vitamin D dan Kalsium fosfat

Bila Vitamin D saja :


1. Absorbsi  di tractus digestivus tetapi absorbsi Ca tidak
ada
2. Reabsorbsi tulang  tetapi tulang habis
3. Pembentukan tulang  sehingga Ca darah 
Bila Ca dan Fosfat saja

Ca Fosfat
tanpa vit. D

Absorbsi Ca  Absorbsi fosfat 

Ca Plasma 

Pembentukan tulang
Pemeriksaan Parathormon

 PTH berupa molekul utuh yang dipecah dalam fragmen2 :


frag terminal N (PTH-N), mid-mol (PTH-M) dan frag
terminal C (PTH-C).
 PTH-N & PTH-M memiliki aktivitas biologik.
 PTH-C tidak memiliki aktifitas biologik tapi memiliki T ½
yang lebih panjang, sering sebagai parameter laboratorium.
 Kontrol dari sekresi melalui mekanisme feedback negatif oleh
ion Ca.

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