LEAVES

(DAUN)
IR.KOESRIHARTI, MS.

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 The primary functions of leaves:

• Photosyntesis
• Transpiration
• Gas Exchange

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 Leaf Function:

Leaves are the powerhouse of plants. In

most plants, leaves are the major site of
food production for the plant. Structures
within a leaf convert the energy in
sunlight into chemical energy that the
plant can use as food. Chlorophyll is the
molecule in leaves that uses the energy in
sunlight to turn water (H2O) and carbon
dioxide gas (CO2) into sugar and oxygen
gas (O2). This process is called
photosynthesis.

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 Leaves
• All leaves originate as primordia in the
buds, regardless of their ultimate size or
form.
• At maturity, most leaves have a stalk,
called the petiole, and a flattened blade,
or lamina, which has a network of veins
(vascular bundles).
• A pair of leaflike, scalelike, or thornlike
appendages, called stipules, are
sometimes present at the base of the
petiole.
• Occasionally, leaves may lack petioles;
when they do, they are said to be sessile.
• Leaves of deciduous trees normally live
through only one growing season, and
even those of evergreen trees rarely
function for more than 2 to 7 years

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 Plant Parts – Leaf
• Arrangement
• Shapes
• Color
• Vein Pattern
• Form – Simple or Compound
• Margin
• Leaf Surface
• Tip of the leaf

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Leaf margins: main part of the leaf, usually large and flat., Undulate: having a
wavy margin., Sinuate: with a sinous margin., Serrate: having a sharp edge.,
Dentate: having a toothed margin, Lobate: lobed. Scalloped: with a scalloped
margin. Palmate: like the fingers of a hand spread open. Digitate: finger like.
Bipinnatisect: with 2 levels of petioles which segments are sessile.
Tripinnatisect: with 3 levels of petioles which segments are sessile.
Pinnatisect: with similar parts on each side of the central axis and sessile.
Palmatisect: with palmate veins and lobes split to the base of the blade.
Pedate: palmately divided which lateral segments also divided.
Palmatilobate: palmate leaf with rounded lobes. Bipartite: divided into two
parts. Tripartite: divided into three parts. Palmatipartite: divided almost to
the leaf margin. Pinnatifid: with pinnated divisions.
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There are two kind of leaves:

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 LEAVES
• Leaves of flowering plants are
associated with leaf gaps, and
all have an axillary bud at the
base.
• Leaves may be simple or
compound. A simple leaf has a
single blade, while the blade of
a compound leaf is divided in
various ways into leaflets.
• Regardless of the number of
leaflets, a compound leaf still
has a single axillary bud at its
base, with the leaflets having no
such buds.
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Leaves has a transparent protective
layer of cells
• The flattened surfaces of
leaves, which are
completely covered with a
transparent protective
layer of cells, the
epidermis, admit light to
all parts of the interior.
• Many leaves twist daily on
their petioles so that their
upper surfaces are
inclined at right angles to
the sun’s rays throughout
daylight hours
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LEAF ARRANGEMENTS AND TYPES
• Many of the roughly 275,000
different species of plants that
produce leaves can be
distinguished from one another by
their leaves alone.
• The variety of shapes, sizes, and
textures of leaves seems to be
almost infinite.
• The leaves of some of the smaller
duckweeds are less than 1
millimeter (0.04 inch) wide.
• The mature leaves of the
Seychelles Island palm can be 6
meters (20 feet) long,
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• The floating leaves of a giant water lily, which reach 2
meters (6.5 feet) in diameter , can support, without sinking,
weights of more than 45 kilograms (100 pounds)
distributed over their surface
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Types of leaves and
leaf arrangements
A. Palmately compound
leaf of a buckeye. B.
Pinnately compound leaf of
a black walnut. C. Alternate,
simple but lobed leaves of a
tulip tree. D. Opposite,
simple leaves of a dogwood.
E. Palmately veined leaf of a
maple. F. Globe-shaped
succulent leaves of string-of-
pearls. G. Pinnately veined,
lobed leaf of an oak. H.
Parallel-veined leaf of a
grass. I. Whorled leaves of a
bedstraw. J. Linear leaves of
a yew. K. Fan-shaped leaf of
a Ginkgo tree, showing
dichotomous venation.
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Phyllotaxy

• Leaves are attached to stems at

regions called nodes, with stem
regions between nodes being known
as internodes.
• The arrangement of leaves on a stem
(phyllotaxy) in a given species of plant
generally occurs in one of three ways.

• In most species, leaves are attached alternately or in a spiral along a

stem, with one leaf per node, in what is called an alternate
arrangement.
• In some plants, two leaves may be attached at each node,
providing an opposite arrangement.
• When three or more leaves occur at a node, they are said to be
whorled.
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The arrangement of veins in a
leaf or leaflet blade
• Pinnately compound leaves
have the leaflets in pairs along
an extension of the petiole
called a rachis, while palmately
compound leaves have all the
leaflets attached at the same
point at the end of the petiole.
• Sometimes, the leaflets of a
pinnately compound leaf may
be subdivided into still smaller
leaflets, forming a bipinnately
compound leaf
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 Vein Pattern

• Pinnate
• Palmate
• Parallel
• Dichotomous

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 Primary veins
• In pinnately veined leaves, there is one
primary vein called the midvein, which
is included within an enlarged midrib;
secondary veins branch from the
midvein.
• In palmately veined leaves, several
primary veins fan out from the base of
the blade.
• The primary veins are more or less
parallel to one another in monocots (Fig.
7.5) and diverge from one another in
various ways in dicots (Fig. 7.9).

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 The branching
arrangement of veins
• The branching arrangement of
veins in dicots is called netted, or
reticulate venation.
• In a few leaves (e.g., those of
Ginkgo), no midvein or other large
veins are present. Instead, the
veins fork evenly and
progressively from the base of the
blade to the opposite margin.
• This is called dichotomous
venation

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 Leaf Surface

•There are 8 common leaf surfaces.

– Glabrous – Scabrous
– Pubescent – Glaucous
– Villous – Rugose
– Tomentose – Glandular

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 Leaf Surface – Glabrous
• The surface is smooth, not hairy.

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 Leaf Surface – Pubescent
• Short, soft hairs cover the surface.

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 Leaf Surface – Tomentose
• Covered with wool-like hair.

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 Leaf Surface – Scabrous
• Covered with short, prickly hairs.

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 Leaf Surface – Glaucous
• Covered with a bluish-white waxy
substance.

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 Leaf Surface – Rugose
• Surface is wrinkly.

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 Leaf Surface – Glandular
• Glands filled with oil or resin cover the
surface.

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 Leaf Structure:

• A leaf is made of many layers that

are sandwiched between two layers
of tough skin cells (called the
epidermis). The epidermis also
secretes a waxy substance called
the cuticle. These layers protect the
leaf from insects, bacteria, and
other pests. Among the epidermal
cells are pairs of sausage-shaped
guard cells. Each pair of guard cells
forms a pore (called stoma; the
plural is stomata). Gases enter and
exit the leaf through the stomata.

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 INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LEAVES
• If a typical leaf is cut transversely and examined with
the aid of a microscope, three regions stand out:
epidermis, mesophyll, and veins (referred to as vascular
bundles in our discussion of roots and stems)

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The cuticle
• A coating of waxy cutin
(the cuticle) is normally
present, although it may
not be visible with
ordinary light
microscopes without
being specially stained.
• In addition to the cuticle,
many plants produce
other waxy substances on
their surfaces

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 Glands
• Different types of glands
may also be present in
the epidermis.
• Glands occur in the form Bolivian coriander leaf showing
oil glands
of depressions,
protuberances (tonjolan)
, or appendages either
directly on the leaf
surface or on the ends of
hairs
• Glands often secrete
sticky substances KRT-2016 30
 STOMATA
• The lower epidermis of
most plants generally
resembles the upper
epidermis, but the lower is
perforated by numerous
tiny pores called stomata.
• Some plants (e.g., alfalfa,
corn) have these pores in
both leaf surfaces, while
others (e.g., water lilies)
have them exclusively on
the upper epidermis; they
are absent altogether from
the submerged leaves of
aquatic plants

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Guard cells

• Stomata are very numerous, ranging from about 1,000

to more than 1.2 million per square centimeter (6,300
to 8 million per square inch) of surface.
• An average-sized sunflower leaf has about 2 million of
these pores throughout its lower epidermis.
• Each pore is bordered by two sausage- or dumbbell-
shaped cells that usually are smaller than most of the
neighboring epidermal cells.
• These guard cells, which originate from the same
parental cell, are part of the epidermis, but they, unlike
most of the other cells of either epidermis, contain
chloroplasts. KRT-2016 32
 MESOPHYLL AND VEINS
• Most photosynthesis takes
place in the mesophyll
between the two epidermal
layers, with two regions often
being distinguishable.
• The uppermost mesophyll
consists of compactly stacked,
barrel-shaped or post-shaped
parenchyma cells that are
commonly in two rows.
• This region is called the
palisade mesophyll and may
contain more than 80% of the • The lower region, consisting of
leaf’s chloroplasts. loosely arranged parenchyma cells
with abundant air spaces between
them, is called the spongy
mesophyll that also have
numerous chloroplasts
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 Vein

• Veins (vascular bundles) of various sizes are scattered throughout the

mesophyll
• They consist of xylem and phloem tissues surrounded by a jacket of
thicker-walled parenchyma cells called the bundle sheath. The veins
give the leaf its “skeleton.”
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 Dicotyledonous leaves:
Is composed of two principal parts:
• Blade or lamina
• Petiole or stalk
• Netted venation

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 Monocotyledonous leaves:
Is divided into two parts:
• Sheath
• Blade
• Paralled venation

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 Monocot leaves

• Monocot leaves, besides having parallel veins, usually do not have

the mesophyll differentiated into palisade and spongy layers.
• Some monocot leaves (e.g., those of grasses) have large, thin-
walled bulliform cells on either side of the main central vein (midrib)
toward the upper surface
• Under dry conditions, the bulliform cells partly collapse, causing the
leaf blade to fold or roll; the folding or rolling reduces transpiration
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 SPECIALIZED LEAVES;
• A single tree may have leaves that superficially all
appear similar, but close inspection may reveal
various differences.
• For example, because leaves in the shade receive
less total light needed for photosynthesis, they
tend to be thinner and have fewer hairs than
leaves on the same tree that are exposed to
direct light.
• Shade leaves also tend to be larger and to have
fewer well-defined mesophyll layers and fewer
chloroplasts than their counterparts in the sun

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Sun & shade
Portions of cross
sections of maple
(Acer) leaves. The
chloroplasts are
stained red.
• A. A leaf exposed
to full sun.
• B. A leaf exposed
to shade.
Note the reduction
in mesophyll cells
and chloroplasts in
the shade leaf

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 Leaves of Arid Regions
• Because of the limited availability of water, wide
temperature ranges, and high light intensities, plants
growing in arid regions have developed adaptations that
allow them to thrive under such conditions.
• Many have thick, leathery leaves and fewer stomata, or
stomata that are sunken below the surface in special
depressions, all of which reduce loss of water through
transpiration
• The modifications include sunken stomata, a thick cuticle,
and a layer of thick walled cells (the hypodermis) beneath
the epidermis (Fig. 7.12). The leaves of compass plants face
east and west, with the blades perpendicular to the
ground, so that when the sun is overhead, it strikes only the
thin edge of the leaf, minimizing moisture loss (Fig. 7.13).
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Hypodermis

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 Tendrils
• There are many plants whose
leaves are partly or completely
modified as tendrils.
• These modified leaves, when
curled tightly around more
rigid objects, help the plant in
climbing or in supporting weak
stems.
• The leaves of garden peas are
compound, and the terminal
leaflets are reduced to whip
like strands that, like all
tendrils, are very sensitive to
contact.
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Spines • The leaves of many
cacti and other desert
plants are modified as
spines.
• This reduction in leaf
surface
correspondingly
reduces water loss
from the plants, and
the spines also tend to
protect the plants
from browsing animals
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Thorns
• Like grape and other
tendrils, many spine like
objects arising in the axils
of leaves of woody plants
are modified stems
rather than modified
leaves.
• Such modifications
should be referred to as
thorns to distinguish
them from true spines.
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Prickles
• The prickles of roses and raspberries,
however, are neither leaves nor stems but are
outgrowths from the epidermis or cortex just
beneath them

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 MODIFIKASI
BATANG/DAUN

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 Storage Leaves
• Desert plants may have succulent
leaves (i.e., leaves that are modified
for water retention).
• The adaptations for water storage
involve large, thin-walled
parenchyma cells without
chloroplasts to the interior of
chlorenchyma tissue just beneath
the epidermis.
• These nonphotosynthetic cells
contain large vacuoles that can
store relatively substantial amounts
of water.
• If removed from the plant and set
aside, the leaves will often retain
much of the water for up to several
months.

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MODIFIKASI DAUN
• The fleshy
leaves of onion,
lily, and other
bulbs store large
amounts of
carbohydrates,
which are used
by the plant in
the subsequent
growing season
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 Flower-Pot Leaves
• Some leaves of Dischidia (Fig.
7.16), an epiphyte (a plant that
grows, usually non-parasitically,
on other plants) from tropical
Australasia, develop into
urnlike pouches that become
the home of ant colonies.
• The ants carry in soil and add
nitrogenous wastes, while
moisture collects in the leaves
through condensation of the
water vapor coming from the
mesophyll through stomata.
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Window Leaves
• In the Kalahari desert of
Botswana and South Africa,
there are at least three plants
belonging to the Carpetweed
Family (Aizoaceae) that have
unique adaptations to living in
dry, sandy areas.
• Their leaves, which are shaped
like ice-cream cones, are
about 3.75 centimeters (1.5
inches) long (Fig. 7.17) and are
buried in the sand; only the
dime-sized wide end of a leaf
is exposed at the surface

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Reproductive Leaves
• Some of the leaves of the
walking fern are most
unusual in that they
produce new plants at their
tips. Occasionally, three
generations of plants may
be found linked together.
• The succulent leaves of air
plants (Fig. 7.18) have little
notches along the leaf
margins in which tiny
plantlets are produced,
complete with roots and
leaves, even after a leaf has
been removed from the
parent plant
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 Floral Leaves (Bracts)
• Specialized leaves known as
bracts are found at the
bases of flowers or flower
stalks.
• In the Christmas flower
(poinsettia), the flowers
themselves have no petals,
but the brightly colored
floral bracts that surround
the small flowers function
like petals in attracting
pollinators (Fig. 7.19).
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MODIFIKASI DAUN
• In dogwoods and a few other
plants, the tiny flowers in their
buttonlike clusters do have
inconspicuous petals.
• However, the large white-to-
pink bracts that surround the
flower clusters, which appear
to the casual observer to be
petals, are actually modified
leaves.
• In Clary’s annual sage (Salvia
viridis), large colorful bracts
are produced at the top of
flowering stalks, well above
the flowers (Fig. 7.20).

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Insect-Trapping Leaves
• Highly specialized insect-
trapping leaves have
intrigued humans for
hundreds of years.
• Almost 200 species of
flowering plants are
known to have these
leaves.
• Insectivorous plants grow
mostly in swampy areas
and bogs of tropical and
temperate regions
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Insect-Trapping Leaves; Pitcher Plants
• The blades of leaves of many
pitcher plants are flattened
and function like those of any
other leaves.
• Some of the leaves of these
curious plants, however, are
larger and cone-shaped or
vaselike.
• In some species, these larger
pitcher leaves have umbrella-
like flaps above the open
ends (Fig. 7.21), but the flaps
don’t prevent a little rain
water from accumulating at
the bottom
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Insect-Trapping Leaves; Sundews
• The tiny plants called sundews
often do not measure more than
2.5 to 5.0 centimeters (1 to 2
inches) in diameter.
• The roundish to oval leaves are
covered with up to 200 upright
glandular hairs that look like
miniature clubs.
• There is a clear, glistening drop of
sticky fluid containing digestive
enzymes at the tip of each hair.
• As the droplets sparkle in the sun,
they may attract insects, which find
themselves stuck if they alight
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Insect-Trapping Leaves;
Venus’s Flytraps
• The Venus’s flytrap , which
has leaves constructed along
the lines of an old-fashioned
steel trap,
• The two halves of the blade
have the appearance of
being hinged along the
midrib, with stiff hair-like
projections located along
their margins.
• There are three tiny trigger
hairs on the inner surface of
each half.
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 Insect-Trapping Leaves;
Bladderworts
• Bladderworts, which are found
submerged and floating in the
shallow water along the margins of
lakes and streams, have finely
dissected leaves with tiny bladders.
• The stomach-shaped bladders are
between 0.3 and 0.6 centimeter
(0.125 to 0.25 inch) in diameter
and have a trapdoor over the
opening at one end.
• The trapping of aquatic insects and
other small animals takes place
through a complex mechanism

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 ABSCISSION
• Plants whose leaves drop
seasonally are said to be
deciduous.
• In temperate climates, new
leaves are produced in the
spring and are shed in the fall,
but in the tropics, the cycles
coincide with wet and dry
seasons rather than with
temperature changes.
• The process by which the
leaves are shed is called
abscission
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 • Abscission occurs as a result
Abscission of changes that take place
in an abscission zone near
zone the base of the petiole of
each leaf (Fig. 7.25).
• Sometimes the abscission
zone can be seen externally
as a thin band of slightly
different color on the
petiole.
• Hormones that apparently
inhibit the formation of the
specialized layers of cells
that facilitate abscission are
produced in young leaves.
• As the leaf ages, hormonal
changes take place, and at
least two layers of cells
become differentiated
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