Chapter 7

Lecture Outline

Leaves

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 Outline
 Introduction
• Leaf Development

• Leaf Parts

• Leaf Complexity

• Leaf Vein & Leaflet Pattern

• Functions of Leaves

 Leaf Arrangements and Types

 Internal Structure of Leaves
 Specialized Leaves
 Autumnal Changes in Leaf Color
 Human and Ecological Relevance of Leaves
 INTRODUCTION
 LEAF DEVELOPMENT: All leaves originate as
primordia in buds.

 LEAF PARTS (Gross Anatomy) At maturity,

most leaves have:
• Petiole (rachis) = _________________

– Leaves that are sessile lack a petiole

• Lamina = _______________________

• Veins = ________________________

 Leaves of flowering plants at nodes also usually

have axillary buds at base.
 LEAF COMPLEXITY
• SIMPLE LEAVES = ___________
• COMPOUND LEAVES = _______

 LEAF VEIN & LEAFLET

PATTERN
• PINNATE: ______________ 2nd level
– Simple Pinnate
Compound
Pinnate
– Compound Pinnate
o 1st level
o 2nd level

• PALMATE: ______________
– Simple Palmate
– Compound Palmate

Palmately
compound
 LEAF VEINATION …
• PARALLEL:
Parallel
venation

 Monocots - Parallel venation

 Dicots - Pinnate or Palmate.
 FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES =
_______________________________________
• OrganellE: ___________________
• Cell: ___________________
• Need:
– _________________
– _________________
– _________________
• Produce:
• Stomata function.
– Guard Cells
• Other functions of leaves:
– Wastes disposed of when leaves shed.
– Water movement
o Transpiration =__________________.
 Leaf Arrangements and Types
 Leaves at nodes
– Opposite
– Alternate
– Whorled

Alternate Opposite Whorled

 INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LEAVES
 3 regions: Epidermis, Mesophyll, Veins

 Epidermis, Herbaceous &

Woody plants
• Surface coated with __________

• Functions: 1)____________
2) Water:___________________
3) Glands

• Stomata
 Internal Structure of Leaves …

• Stomata
– Location: ___________
– Bordered by two _____________ Cells.
o Have a thickened inner wall
– Functions: _____________________
« Gas exchange
« Evaporation of water
How Stomata open & close:
• Changes in water content cause them to inflate or deflate.
• Rigid inner surface remains stiff
Inflate - Stomata open
Deflate - Stomata close
 MESOPHYLL: Region between upper and lower
epidermis, excluding the veins.
• FUNCTION: __________________________________
• EUDICOTS: TWO SUB-REGIONS
1) Palisade Mesophyll
– Location: _____
– Shape of cells:
______________
- # Contains chloroplasts

2) Spongy Mesophyll
–Location: _______
– Shape of cells: ____________

– Air spaces

NOT IN MONOCOTS
Microscopic View of a EUDICOT Mesophyll

MONOCOT Mesophyll
 Vein

Chlorencyma
Cells
 VEINS (vascular bundles)
• Location: _________________________
• Tissue & Cells: ____________________
– Surrounded by bundle sheath of thicker-walled
parenchyma
MONOCOT: Zea (Corn) Leaf

Guard Cells Vein

ZEA VEIN

Companion
Cells Sieve-Tube
Cells
 Eudicot Vein

Vessels

Sieve-Tube
Cells

Companion
Cells
 Differences found in Monocots Flowering plants
• Mesophyll noy differentiated into palisade & spongy layers
• Stomata on upper & lower epidermis

• BULLIFORM CELLS
on either side of
main central vein
• Function: Causes leaf
to fold or roll,
reducing transpiration

Monocot leaf cross section

 SPECIALIZED LEAVES
Shade
 Shade Leaves
• Amount light:
– Overall Size:
_________
– Thickness: ____

– Have fewer hairs

Sun
Sun
leaf

Shade
leaf
 LEAVES OF ARID REGIONS
• Problems for plant:
– Water: ________________
– Temperatures: ______________
– Light Intensities: _______________

• Leaves reduce loss of water by:

– Cuticle:
– Thickness:
– # Stomata

o or sunken stomata
– Dense, hairy coverings, often silver

 LEAVES OF AQUATIC AREAS

• Less xylem and phloem
• Mesophyll not differentiated into palisade and spongy
layers.
• Large air spaces
 TENDRILS
• Shape: __________
• Function: _________
Tendrils

Examples: Garden peas

 SPINES
• Shape:
• Function:
Also reduce leaf surface
and water loss,
– Cacti Spine

o Leaf tissue replaced with

sclerenchyma.
o Photosynthesis occurs in stems.
 Specialized Leaves
 Thorns - Modified stems
in axils of woody plants

Thorn

 Prickles - Outgrowths
from epidermis or cortex

Prickle
 Storage leaves
• Succulent leaves: Store ______________
– parenchyma cells with large vacuoles
– Many desert plants
• Fleshy leaves store ____________.
– Onions, lily
 Flower-Pot Leaves
• urn-like pouches:
• Ants bring soil & Nit.
Wastes:

Flower-pot leaf sliced lengthwise

 Window leaves
• Succulent, Africa
• Leaves buried in ground.
– End is transparent
– Function:
 Reproductive Leaves
• Walking fern - New plants at leaf tips
• Air plant - Tiny plantlets along leaf margins

Air Plant
 Floral Leaves (bracts)
• bases of flowers/flower stalks
• Poinsettia - brightly colored bracts surround
flowers.
• Clary’s sage - Colorful bracts are at top of
flowering stalks.

Poinsettia Clary’s sage

 Insect-Trapping Leaves
• swampy areas and bogs
– Nitrogen is:
o Specialized leaves trap
and digest insects.

• Pitcher Plants
– cone-shaped leaves.

Pitcher plant
 Insect-Trapping Leaves
• Sundews
– leaves covered with
glandular hairs have sticky
digestive enzymes
Sundew
– Venus’s Flytraps
– North Carolina and South
Carolina
– Mechanically trap insects.

Venus’s
Flytraps
 Insect-Trapping Leaves
• Bladderworts
– floating in shallow water
– bladders have trap doors trap insects inside

Bladder of bladderwort
 Autumnal Changes in Leaf Color
 Chloroplasts and
pigments:
• Chlorophylls - Green
• Carotenoids - Yellows
• In fall, chlorophylls break
down and other colors are revealed.

anthocyanins
(red or blue) and betacyanins
(red) may present in
vacuole.
Human and Ecological Relevance of Leaves
 STUDENTS READ ON YOUR OWN IN TEXT
Review