POWER & GROUNDING BASICS

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 Objectives

Upon completion of this module, you will be able to

 Have a basic understanding of Ohm’s law and its
application to electrical circuits .
 Understand the terms, units and equations used in power
circuits.
Define the difference between Resistive, Inductive and
Capacitive loads.
 Understand the effects of the different loads on power
circuits.

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited
 Ohms Law AC Circuits

E = voltage ( Volts) R = resistance ( Ohms)

I = current ( Amps) XL = inductive resistance ( Ohms)
Z = impedance ( Ohms) XC = capacitive reistance (Ohms)
W = active power ( Watts) f = frequency ( Hertz)
VAR = reactive power VA = apparent power ( Volt –
(Volt – Amperes Reactive) Amperes)
L = inductive ( Henrys) = 3.1416
C= capacitance ( Farads) Z =  R ² + ( XL – XC )²
PF = power factor Z= E / I
I = E/ Z
E=IxZ

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited
 Power

Single Phase Three Phased

VA = E x I VA = E x I x 1.732
VA = I ² x Z VA = 1² x Z x 1.732
VA = E² / Z VA = E² / Z x 1.732
PF = W/ VA PF = W / VA
W = VA x PF W = VA x PF

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited
 Ohm´s Law
1.- Voltaje
2.- Path

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited
 Ohm´s Law
1.- Voltage
2.- Path

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited
 Convencional Loads ( Linear)

 Resistive load
 Inductive load
 Capacitive load

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited
 Linear Loads
R=20 XL=15

= AC ~
Z= (20)²+ (15-10)
AC ~ XC =10
Z =  425 = 20.6 

XL
XL
Z
5

R
20 R 20

10
XC XC

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited
 Effects on the Power System
• Poor power factor
• Decreased system efficiency

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited
 Non – linear loads

 Computer equipment
 Adjustable speed drives
 Fluorescent ligths
 Rectifiers ( UPS )

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited
 Effects on the Power System
 Voltage waveform distortion

 High harmonic currents

 Overheating of transformers

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited
 Resistive Linear Load

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 Inductive Linear Load

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 Capacitive Linear Load

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited
 Non – linear Load

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited
 Voltage Waveform Distortion
Voltage waveform distortion caused by a
non- linear load

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited
 Power System Measurements

Given → Average RMS Peak Peak to Peak

To Find ↓ Multiply known value by

Average 0,9 0,637 0,3185

RMS 1,11 0,707 0,3535

Peak 1,57 1,414 0,5

Peak to Peak 3,14 2,828 2.0

Crest Factor = Peak Form Factor = RMS

RMS Average
For a Sine Wave
Crest Factor = 1.414 Form Factor = 1.11

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited
 Sine waves

Vpeak = Vrms * 2 = Vrms

Vpeak – peak = 2 * Vpeak

Vaverage = ( 2/ ) * Vpeak = 0.637 * Vpeak

( Speaking terms :220V AC means 220 Vrms )

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited
 Power System Measurements
Need for true RMS measurements

 Conventional meters are average responding - RMS calibrate

 Only accurate on pure sine wave

 Inaccurate on pulsed waveforms

True RMS meters are accurate on all waveforms

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited
 Power System Measurements

1 2 3 4 5 6 INSTANTANEOUS VALUES:
0 0 6 0 0 0
6
5 AVG = 0 + 0 + 6 + 0+ 0+ 0 1.00
4 6
3
2 RMS = 0 ²+ 0 ² + 6 ² + 0 ² + 0 ² + 0 ²
6
1
RMS = 36 = 2.45
0 6

T= 6
Measurement: AVG = 1.00 A x 1.11 = 1.11A RMS
RMS = 2.45 A = RMS
Error AVG = -55%

EMERSON Process Management – Educational Services Course 5590- Rev. 4-7/15/06 Copyrighted Material / Duplication Prohibited