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33- 1
Maxwell’s Rainbow
The wavelength/frequency range in which electromagnetic (EM) waves (light)
are visible is only a tiny fraction of the entire electromagnetic spectrum
Fig. 33-2
33- 2
Fig. 33-1
The Travelling Electromagnetic (EM) Wave, Qualitatively
An LC oscillator causes currents to flow sinusoidally, which in turn produces
oscillating electric and magnetic fields, which then propagate through space as
EM waves
Next slide
Fig. 33-3
Oscillation Frequency:
1
LC
33- 3
The Travelling Electromagnetic (EM) Wave, Qualitatively
Fig. 33-4
33- 4
Mathematical Description of Travelling EM Waves
2
Wavenumber: k
EM Wave Simulation
2
Angular frequency:
Vacuum Permittivity: 0
Vacuum Permeability: 0
Fig. 33-5
Em E t
Amplitude Ratio: c Magnitude Ratio: c
B t
33- 5
Bm
A Most Curious Wave
• Unlike all the waves discussed in Chs. 16 and 17, EM waves require no
medium through/along which to travel. EM waves can travel through empty
space (vacuum)!
• Speed of light is independent of speed of observer! You could be heading
toward a light beam at the speed of light, but you would still measure c as the
speed of the beam!
33- 6
The Travelling EM Wave, Quantitatively
Induced Electric Field
Changing magnetic fields produce electric fields, Faraday’s law of induction
dB
E d s dt
E d s E dE Eh h dE
B B h dx
dB dE dB
h dE h dx
dt dx dt
E B
Fig. 33-6 x t
E B
kEm cos kx t and Bm cos kx t
x t
Em
kEm cos kx t Bm cos kx t c 33- 7
Bm
The Travelling EM Wave, Quantitatively
Induced Magnetic Field
Changing electric fields produce magnetic fields, Maxwell’s law of induction
dE
B d s 0 0 dt
B d s B dB Bh h dB
dE dE
E E h dx h dx
dt dt
dB
h dB 0 0 h dx
dt
B E
Fig. 33-7 0 0
x t
kBm cos kx t 0 0 Em cos kx t
Em 1 1 1
cc
Bm 0 0 k 0 0c
33- 8
0 0
Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector
EM waves carry energy. The rate of energy transport in an EM wave
is characterized by the Poynting vector S
1
Poynting Vector: S EB
0
The magnitude of S is related to the rate at which energy is transported by
a wave across a unit area at any instant (inst). The unit for S is (W/m2)
energy/time power
S
area inst area inst
33- 9
Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector
Since E B E B EB 1
Instantaneous S EB
1 E energy flow rate: c0
S EB and since B
0 c
Note that S is a function of time. The time-averaged value for S, Savg is also
called the intensity I of the wave.
energy/time power
I Savg
area avg area avg
1 1
I Savg E
2
Em2 sin 2 kx t
c0 avg c 0 avg
Em 1 2
Erms I Erms
2 c0
2
1 1 1 1 B2
uE 0 E 0 cB 0 B uB
2 2
2 0 0 2 0 33-10
2 2
Variation of Intensity with Distance
power PS
I
area 4 r 2
Fig. 33-8
33-11
Radiation Pressure
EM waves have linear momentum as well as energylight can exert pressure
U I
Total absorption: p pr
Sincident p c c
Sreflected
2 U 2I
Total reflection
p pr
Back along path: c c
Sincident p
U IA t
p
F IA
t F (total absorption)
c
power energy/time
I 2 IA
area area F (total reflection back along path)
c
U t
F
A pr Radiation Pressure 33-12
A
Polarization
The polarization of light is describes
how the electric field in the EM wave
oscillates.
I0
Fig. 33-12
Only electric field component along polarizing direction of
polarizing sheet is passed (transmitted), the perpendicular
component is blocked (absorbed)
33-15
Intensity of Transmitted Polarized Light
Intensity of
transmitted light, 1
unpolarized I I0
incident light: 2
Etransmitted E y E cos
Fig. 33-13 Intensity of
transmitted light,
polarized I I 0 cos 2
incident light:
For unpolarized light, varies randomly in time
I I 0 cos I 0 cos
1
2 2
I0 33-16
avg avg 2
Reflection and Refraction
Although light waves spread as they move from a source, often we can
approximate its travel as being a straight line geometrical optics
Snell’s Law
Refraction: n2 sin2 n1 sin1
n1
Fig. 33-17 sin 2 sin 1
n2
33-17
n is the index of refraction of the material
Sound Waves
Fig. 33-18
33-18
Chromatic Dispersion
The index of refraction n encountered by light in any medium except vacuum
depends on the wavelength of the light. So if light consisting of different
wavelengths enters a material, the different wavelengths will be refracted
differently chromatic dispersion
n2blue>n2red
Fig. 33-19 Fig. 33-20
prism
Fig. 33-21
lens
33-20
Rainbows
What happens for rays that reflect twice off the back
surfaces of the droplets?
Fig. 33-22
33-21
Total Internal Reflection
For light that travels from a medium with a larger index of refraction to a
medium with a smaller medium of refraction n1>n1 2>1, as 1 increases, 2
will reach 90o (the largest possible angle for refraction) before 1 does.
n2
n1 sin c n2 sin 90 n2
n2
Critical Angle: c sin
1
n1
n1
When 2> c no light is
refracted (Snell’s Law does
not have a solution!) so no
Fig. 33-24
light is transmitted Total
Total internal reflection can be used, for
Internal Reflection
example, to guide/contain light along an
optical fiber 33-22
Polarization by Reflection
When the refracted ray is perpendicular to the reflected ray, the electric field
parallel to the page (plane of incidence) in the medium does not produce a
reflected ray since there is no component of that field perpendicular to the
reflected ray (EM waves are transverse).
Applications
1. Perfect window: since parallel polarization
is not reflected, all of it is transmitted
2. Polarizer: only the perpendicular component
is reflected, so one can select only this
component of the incident polarization
Brewster’s Law
B r 90
n1 sin B n2 sin r
n1 sin B n2 sin 90 B n2 cos B
Fig. 33-27 1 n2
In which direction does light reflecting Brewster Angle: B tan
off a lake tend to be polarized? n1 33-23