Elektromagnetisme (2)

FISIKA DASAR 2
Pekan 9
 Electromagnetic waves

• Electromagnetic waves is a tranverse wave

• Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum or a mater
substance
• The speed of electromagnetic propagation in vacuum is called as
the speed of light c = 3X108 m/s. In vacuum c is constant
• Electromagnetic waves has a very broad spectrum ranging from
radio waves up to gamma rays

From : Physics, by Cutnell Johnson, Chapter 25

 Spektrum gelombang EM

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 Maxwell’s equations

Static
Gauss’s law for electricity

Gauss’s law for magnetism

Dynamics
Faraday’s law

Ampere’s law
 Maxwell’s equations
 
From Faraday’s law, we have
this relation
 E.dl   E.a
dB
   Bac
dt
Gauss’s law for magnetism
E  cB
From Ampere’s law (for no   dE
current or ic=0) we get  B.dl  0 0 dt  Ba
dE
 Eac
dt
B  0 0 Ec

So combining them we finally

1
get the velocity of light : c
 0 0
 Speed of Light

•  

1
c  3.108 m / s
 0 0
 Sinusoidal waves
• Using vector unit I, j, k for x, y, and 
z direction E ( x, t )  jEmax cos(kx  t )
• We can write EM waves as :
 ^
B( x, t )  k Emax cos(kx  t )

In vacuum Emax  cBmax

• Electromagnetic waves in matter E  vB
B   vE
  K m 0
  K 0
c
v
K .K m
 Energy radiated by EM Waves
1 1 2
• Total Energy density u  0E 
2
B
2 2 0
E
B
c
u  0E2
• Energy propagated caled as S
(Poynting Vector)
• Defined as:
dU udV  0 E 2 .( Acdt )
S  
Adt Adt Adt
S   0 cE 2
 1  
S EX B
0
2
Erms .Brms Emax .Bmax Emax
S av  S rms   
0 2 0 2 0 c
 Energy carried by electromagnetic waves (Summary)
• Electromagnetic energy density = Electric energy density + Magnetic energy density

1 1 2
u   0 Erms 
2
Brms
2 2 0

Emax S  cu
Erms 
2 1 1
Bmax S  c 0 Erms 
2 2
cBrms
Brms  2 2 0
2
 Example
• An Industrial Laser is used to burn a hole through a piece of metal. The
average Intensity of the light is S=1.23x109 W/m2 .

• (a) What is the effective value of the magnetic field, Brms ?

• (b) What is the maximum value of magnetic field Bmax
• (c) What is the effective value of the electric field, Erms ?
• (d) What is the maximum value of the electric field, Emax ?
 Intensity and Radiation Pressure
• Intensity = Sav

1
I   0 cEmax
2

2
S av I
Pabs  
c c
I
Pr ef  2
c