Integumentary System

THE BODY’S EXTERNAL PROTECTION

Alano, Vince P.
Cabasares, Kevin Clark D.
Esteviel, Warren
Lusung, Pauline D.
Santos, Patrick O.
Integumentary System

• the external covering of the body, including

skin, hair, nails and sweat glands.

• responsible for excreting wastes and

regulating temperature, and is the location of
sensory receptors for pain, pressure and
temperature.
Integumentary System
Basic Parts│Skin
Basic Parts│Skin

• The skin and its accessory structures make

up the integumentary system, which provides
the body with overall protection.

• made of tissues that work together

as a single structure to perform unique and
critical functions.
Basic Parts│Skin
The skin is composed of three main layers:

►Epidermis

► Dermis

► Hypodermis
Basic Parts│Skin

Epidermis
• made of keratinized, stratified squamous
epithelium.
• made of four to five layers of
epithelial cells namely: stratum basale, stratum
spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum,
and stratum lucidum.
Basic Parts│Skin

Dermis
• contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and
other structures, such as hair follicles and
sweat glands.
• made of two layers of connective tissue
(papillary layer and reticular layer).
Basic Parts│Skin

Hypodermis
• a layer directly below the dermis and
serves to connect the skin to the underlying
fibrous tissues of the bones and muscles.
• consists of well vascularized, loose, areolar
connective tissue and adipose tissue for fat
storage, insulation and cushioning.
Basic Parts│Hair
Basic Parts│Hair

• is a keratinous filament growing out of the

epidermis. Made up of four basic parts (hair
shaft, hair root, hair bulb, hair papilla).

• strands of hair originate in an epidermal

penetration of the dermis called the hair
follicle.
Basic Parts│Hair

Arrector Pili Muscle

• small muscles attached to hair follicles.

• contractions of this muscle causes the hair to

stand from the base, referred to as
goosebumps.
Basic Parts│Nail
Basic Parts│Nail

• structure of the epidermis that is found at the tips

of our fingers and toes.

• protects the tips of our fingers and toes.

• farthest extremities and the parts of the body that

experience the maximum mechanical stress.
Basic Parts│Sweat Glands
Basic Parts│Sweat Glands

• A coiled tubular gland that secretes sweat

and can be found all over the body.

• There are two types of sweat glands

with slightly different products. These are the
eccrine sweat gland and the apocrine sweat
glands.
Basic Parts│Sweat Glands

Eccrine sweat gland

• produces hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation.

• found all over the body, but more

abundant in the palms, sole of the feet,
and forehead.

• primary component for thermoregulation.

Basic Parts│Sweat Glands
Apocrine sweat gland
• associated with hair follicles in densely hairy
areas (armpits and genital regions)
•includes organic compounds that make the sweat
thicker and subject to bacterial decomposition and
subsequent smell
Basic Parts│Sweat Glands

Sebaceous gland
• type of oil gland that is found all over the
body and helps to lubricate and water proof
the skin and hair by generating sebum.
Basic Function│ Protection

• Aside from protecting the body from

wind, water and UV sunlight, it also
acts as a protective barrier against water
loss

• it is also a first line defense against

abrasive activities
Basic Function│Sensory Function

• acts as sense organ because the skin

contains specialized sensory nerves
structure that detect touch ,surface
temperature and pain.

• sends the information to the central

nervous system for immediate response.
 Basic Function│Thermoregulation
• associated in the sympathetic nervous
system that monitors system that monitors
body temperature and initiates proper motor
responses

• sweat glands secretes sweat when the body

becomes warm , inversely, arterioles constrict
to minimize heat loss when the body becomes
cold
Basic Function│ Vitamin D synthesis

• Vitamin D is essential for normal absorption

of calcium and phosphorus, which are required
for healthy bones.
Basic Function│ Acclimitization

• adjustment of the body to a change in the

environment allowing us to maintain
performance across a range of conditions.
Skin Changes│Acne

•a skin condition that occurs when your hair

follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin
cells.

•It often causes whiteheads, blackheads or

pimples, and usually appears on the face,
forehead, chest, upper back and shoulders.
 Skin Changes│Acne
•Before the physical activity, the skin is at its
normal temperature.

•During the activity, the sebacceous gland releases

sebum to lubricate and prevent water loss in the
skin.

•some of the oils were clogged inside the skin and

those were the acne.
Skin Changes│Scars and Wounds

• physical activities sometimes require physical

contact that causes abrasions.

• abrasions will leave a scar and will sometimes

be permanent.
Skin Changes│Scars and Wounds
• before engaging to physical activities, hazards of
lying scars were so minimal.

•during physical activities, the skin way subject to

contact with other materials that might cause
wounds.

•after that, wounds will leave a scar that will be

permanent on the skin.
Skin Changes│Sun burn

• caused by too much exposure to UV light.

• a result of the body’s natural defense mechanism

kicking in against damaging ultraviolet rays.
When the defenses are overwhelmed, a toxic
reaction occurs resulting in sunburn,
Skin Changes│Sun burn
•Before, the skin is not exposed to UV radiation
for so long.

•During outdoor activities, the skin’s exposure to

UV light increases. Causing the skin to have
a toxic reaction that causes sunburn.

•After, sunburn causes skin itching, redness,

swelling, and blisters.
Thermoregulation Mechanism│
•Allows the body to maintain its core internal
temperature.

•The average baseline of the body temperature is

between 35℃ and 37.8 ℃ . However, getting to
the extremes of body temperature can affect the
body’s ability to function.
Thermoregulation Mechanism│

•If the body temperature rises as high as 42℃ ,

you can suffer brain damage or even death.

•Factors that can lower internal temperature

Fever
Exercise
digestion
Thermoregulation Mechanism│

•When the body becomes warm, the sweat glands

secretes water, salt, and other substances ( sweat)
to cool the body (sweating).
Thermoregulation Mechanism│

•If the body temp tall to 35 degree Celsius or

lower you can have “hypothermia” which can lead
to cardiac arrest, brain damage or even death.
•Factors that can lower internal temperature
Drug use
Alcohol use
Metabolic conditions(under functioning
thyroid gland)
Thermoregulation Mechanism│

•When the body temp drops, arterioles constrict to

minimize heat loss, particularly in the ends of the
digits and top of the nose (vasoconstriction).

•The blood vessels under your skin get under, thus

increases blood flow to your skin where it is
cooler. This lets your body release heat through
heat radiation (vasodilatation).
Roles of Human Skin in Sports│

Sports

• a game, activity, or a competition that requires

physical effort and skill that is played according
to rules.
Roles of Human Skin in Sports│

•The skin plays a vital role in protecting us from

infectious agents and prevent them in entering or
settling in our body.

•Also, it serves as a barrier that protects us from

abrasions and mild skin injuries.
Roles of Human Skin in Sports│

Swimming
• in contrary to what is often argued, skin hair
does not contribute to increased water resistance.
But, shaving skin hair scrapes a thin layer of the
skin exposing a layer that is more sensitive. This
makes the swimmers believe that they move faster
in water.