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Lesson 11 - Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Lesson 11 - Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
If x and b are real numbers such that b > 0 and
b ≠ 1, then f(x) = bx is an exponential function
with base b.
Examples of exponential functions:
a) y = 3x b) f(x) = 6x c) y = 2x
Domain : , y bx
Range : 0 ,
y int ercept : 0 ,1
x int ercept : none
Horizontal Asymptote : x axis
1
o x
EXAMPLE 1: Graph the function y = 3x
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 1/27 1/9 1/3 1 3 9 27
y 3x
1
o x
EXAMPLE 2: Graph the function y = (1/3)x
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 27 9 3 1 1/3 1/9 1/27
x
1
y
3
1
o x
NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION: f(x) = ex
y
Domain : , f x e x
Range : 0 ,
y int ercept : 0 ,1
x int ercept : none
Horizontal Asymptote : x axis
1
o x
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
For all positive real numbers x and b, b ≠ 1, the
inverse of the exponential function y = bx is the
logarithmic function y = logb x.
In symbol, y = logb x if and only if x = by
d ) log 5 0.04 2
EXAMPLE 2: Express in logarithmic form:
a ) 63 216
5
b) 16 32
4
4
c) 27 3
81
1
d) 49 7
2
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
o 1 x
Domain : 0,
Range : ,
y log b x
x int ercept : 0,1
y int ercept : none
Vertical Asymptote : y axis
EXAMPLE 1: Graph the function y = log3 x
X 1/27 1/9 1/3 1 3 9 27
y -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y
y log 3 x
1
o x
EXAMPLE 2: Graph the function y = log1/3 x
X 27 9 3 1 1/3 1/9 1/27
y -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y
1
o x
y log 1 x
3
PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTS
If a and b are positive real numbers, and m and n
are rational numbers, then the following
properties holds true:
m
m
a a
a m a n a mn m
b b
m
a mn m 1
n
a a m
a a
a
1
m n
a mn
a n a
n
ab a
m
a b
m m m m
a a
n n m n
To solve exponential equations, the following
property can be used:
bm = bn if and only if m = n and b > 0, b ≠ 1
EXAMPLE 1: Simplify the following:
a ) 3x 4 2
32x
2
10 5
b)
EXAMPLE 2: Solve for x:
a ) 3x 4 32 x 1 b) 42x1 8x 5
x2
1 x x 4
c) 16 d) 3 27 x
2
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
If M, N, and b (b ≠ 1) are positive real numbers,
and r is any real number, then
log b MN log b M log b N
M
log b log b M log b N
N
log b N r r log b N
log b b 1
log b 1 0
log b b x x
b logb x
x
Since logarithmic function is continuous and one-
to-one, every positive real number has a unique
logarithm to the base b. Therefore,
logbN = logbM if and only if N=M
a) 4 3 log 2x 16
b) log 2 25 x 3
c) ln x 8
d) log 5 x 2 25 log 5 x 5 2
e) log 2 x 6 log 2 x 2 log 2 x
f ) log 7 x 5 log 7 x 1 1
Application: (Exponential and Logarithmic Equations)
1. The growth rate for a particular bacterial culture can be
calculated using the formula B = 900(2)t/50, where B is
the number of bacteria and t is the elapsed time in
hours. How many bacteria will be present after 5 hours?
2. How many hours will it take for there to be 18,000
bacteria present in the culture in example (1)?
3. A fossil that originally contained 100 mg of carbon-14
now contains 75 mg of the isotope. Determine the
approximate age of the fossil, to the nearest 100 years, if
the half-life
t
of carbon-14 is 5,570 years.
A Ao 2 k
where : A present amt. of isotope
A o orig . amt. of isotope
t time it takes to reduce orig. amt. of isotope present
k Half life of the isotope
4. In a town of 15,000 people, the spread of a rumor that
the local transit company would go on strike was such
that t hours after the rumor started, f(t) persons heard
the rumor, where experience over time has shown that
f t
15,000
1 7499e 0.8 t
a) How many people started the rumor?
b) How many people heard the rumor after 5 hours?
5. A sum of $5,000 is invested at an interest rate of 5% per
year. Find the time required for the money to double if
the interest is compounded (a) semi-annually (b)
continuously.
A P1 r simple int erest for 1 year
nt
r
At P1 int erest compounded n times per year
n
At Pe r t int erest compounded continuous ly