Readings in Philippine

History
Geraldine G. Odias
What is history?

• Greek ἱστορία, historia, meaning 'inquiry', 'knowledge from

inquiry', or 'judge’.
• an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the
memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and
interpretation of information about these events. Scholars who
write about history are called historians.
Who is the Father of History?
Some known theories that help explain history:

Challenge and Response Theory

-it is based on the idea that man responds to the situation placed before
him.
- his actions are based on his thoughts.
- Proposed by Arnold Toynbee
Arnold Toynbee
 Exchange Theory
• Alvin Scaff
• Systematic statement of principles that govern the exchange of goods
(tangible goods like property or money and intangible goods like peace or
prestige) between individuals, between groups, between organizations and even
between nations.
• Based on the idea of reciprocity.
• Barter in the Philippines is a good example.
• Domestic trading among barangays and islands, the early Filipinos engage in
foreign trade with China, Japan, Siam, Borneo , Sumatra, Cambodia
andMalaysia.
• Another example is Cory Aquino
 Materialist Concept of History or
Economic Theory
• Karl Marx
• Human interrelations depend on the material conditions of their product.
The struggle to maintain life is the most enduring motivation for any human
activity.
• God, Gold and Glory
Fernand Braudel

• Father of historical structuralism

• Developed the method of
historiography
• In Barudelian’s approach, to achieve
“total history” is to integrate all aspects
of man’s past.
Code of Kalantiaw

• supposed legal code in the epic history Maragtas that is said to have been
written in 1433 by Datu Kalantiaw, a chief on the island of Negros in the
Philippines.
• The code is now believed by many historians to have been a hoax and that it
had actually been written in 1913 by Jose E. Marco as a part of his historical
fiction Las antiguas leyendas de la Isla de Negros (English: The Ancient
Legends of the Island of Negros), which he attributed to a priest named
Jose Maria Pavon.
Princess Urduja