2-D Photo-elasticity Stress Analysis Technique

2-D Photo-elasticity
ME817 Expt. Stress Analysis

Photo-elasticity:
• It is a nondestructive whole field, graphic
stress analysis technique based on optical
property called birefringence.
• In this technique, a loaded specimen exhibits
color fringe patterns that are related to the
difference between the principal stresses in a
plane normal to the light propagation
direction.
9/20/2019 Photoelasticty 2
Birefringent materials
• High polymer materials, are isotropic when
they are stress free and become optically
anisotropic upon loading.
• They act like a temporary wave plates, and
refracts the light differently for different light
amplitude orientations, depending upon the
state of stress.
Stressed photoelastic Specimen:
Circular Disk under compression
Birefringent effect
Wave Theory of Light
A sinusoidal electromagnetic wave having transverse
amplitude a: travels in the direction of z with a velocity v.
Let λ be the wavelength. The Phase of the wave is given by
φ= 2π/λ(z-vt), thus wave is represented by
 2 
a cos ( z  vt )   a coskz  vt 
  
Refraction
• When light passes through any medium, its
velocity varies (decrease) to a value,
v
v1 
n1
• Where n1 denotes the index of refraction of

the medium. Then the wave length λ1 also
decrease proportionately

• 1 
n 1
Light in a Denser Medium
The time t1 required for light to propagate
through a thickness h of medium having index of
refractive n1 is h h
t1   n1
v1 v
Double Refraction
Phase difference due to double refraction
• If refractive indices n2>n1 then the difference

in times t2-t1 will be t  t  h  h
2 1
v2 v1
 n2  n1 
h
v
• The Phase difference δ between the two
waves after the emerge from the media is
δ = v(t2-t1)=h(n2-n1)
Light Polarization
• A given light wave has an amplitude vector that is
always perpendicular to its direction of propagation.
• An ordinary light has random orientation of
amplitude vector.
Plane Polarized Light
• If the amplitude vectors all light rays emanating from
a source are restricted to a single plane, the light is
said to be plane polarized.
Addition of Plane Polarized Light waves
• If two waves are propagating in the same direction,

vector algebra may applied to the waves amplitude to
determine the resultant wave amplitude.
• [eg. Addition of two plane polarized waves that are in
phase, but they have different plane of polarization.
Elliptically polarized Light
• In special cases, two plane-polarized waves of
arbitrary amplitude and different phase are
combined.
Elliptically polarized Light
• The result of adding two plane-polarized
waves that are neither in phase nor in the
same plane.
• is a special kind of rotating wave called an
elliptically polarized wave, having the same
frequency as the components waves.
• It is not restricted to a single plane.
Circularly Polarized Light
• A special case of elliptically polarized light and is
created by combining orthogonal plane polarized
waves of equal amplitude that are out of phase
by exactly ¼ of the wavelength. i.e δ=λ/4
Optical Elements
• The method of Photoelasticity requires the use of
two types of optical element:
– The polarizer and the wave plate.
– A polarizer is an element that converts randomly
polarized light into plane polarized light
Wave Plates
• A wave plate resolves incident light into
components, but instead of rejecting one of the
these components, it retards relative to other
component.
Wave Plates
• A permanent wave plate has a fixed fast axis
orientation and fixed relative retardation.
• A temporary wave plate has ability to produce
double refraction in response to mechanical
stimulus, where axis orientation and relative
retardation varies point to point. A
photoelastic specimens are temporary wave
plates.
Quarter Wave Plate
• A permanent wave plate that induces a phase
shift δ = λ/4. This quarter wave plate is an
essential element in a polariscope
Birefringence
Photoelastic materials are birefringent, that is,
they act as temporary wave plates, refracting
light differently for different light amplitude
orientations, depending upon the state of stress
in the material.
Maxwell’s Equations
• Unloaded state: material exhibits an index of
refraction no that is independent of
orientation. There fore light traverse through
the material with speed (v/no)
• Loaded state: the orientation of the light
amplitude vector is with respect to principal
axes and magnitude of the principal
determines the index of refraction for that
light source.
Maxwell’s Equations
• The index of refraction changes from no to n1 in the
direction of maximum normal principal stress
n1  n0  c1 1  c2 ( 2   3 )
• Similarly in other principal stress directions
n2  n0  c1 2  c2 ( 1   3 )
n3  n0  c1 3  c2 ( 1   2 )
where c1 and c2 are stress-optic coefficients and above
equations are called Maxwell’s equations
Stress-Optic Relations
• For two dimensional photoelastic state,
(n1  n2 )  c( 1   2 )
• Where c is called relative stress-optic coefficient
• Substituting above in Eqn. δ = h(n1-n2)
• We get δ = hc(σ1- σ2)
• Where h is thickness of the specimen
Principal Stress Difference & Fringe Relations
• Relative retardation can expressed in terms of

N of complete cycles as follows
 hc( 1   2 ) h( 1   2 )
N  
2  f
Where fσ = λ/c is called as Fringe constant and this

constant is determined experimentally by the
method of calibration. Therefore
Nf
( 1   2 ) 
h
Summary
• Photoelastic material does two things:
It resolves the incoming light into 2 components
one parallel to σ1 and the other to σ2
and
It retards one of the components, M2 , with
respect to the other M1, by an amount δ that is
proportional to the principal stress difference
(σ1 – σ2)
Polariscopes
• A polariscope is an optical setup that allows the
birefringence in specimens to be analyzed.
• It consists of a Light source, a Polarizer, an
optional quarter-wave plate, a specimen, another
optional quarter-wave plate, and a second
polarizer called the Analyzer.
• Two types of polariscope are commonly
employed
– the plane polariscope and
– the circular polariscope
Physical Layout of Plane Polariscope
• The plane polariscope consists of a light source, a
polarizer, the specimen, and an analyzer that is
always crossed with respect to the polarizer.
Stressed photoelastic specimen in a
Plane Polariscope
Light in Plane Polariscope
(Part- 1: Isoclinic fringes)
(Part- 1: Isochromatic fringes)
Some Photoelastic fringe Patterns

2-D Photo-elasticity Stress Analysis Technique

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2-D Photo-elasticity

ME817 Expt. Stress Analysis

• Where n1 denotes the index of refraction of

• If refractive indices n2>n1 then the difference

• If two waves are propagating in the same direction,

• Relative retardation can expressed in terms of

Where fσ = λ/c is called as Fringe constant and this

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