Digital Switching

By: Er. M.K.Mallick, AGM(C&M)

 Digital Switching
• The prime purpose of an exchange Switch is to provide a temporary
path for simultaneous bi-directional transmission of speech
between two points.
• Switching facility that establishes and maintains a connection,
under stored-program control, to route binary-encoded
information.
Type of switching
• (i) Subscriber lines connected to same exchange
(local switching)
• (ii) Subscriber lines and trunks to other exchange
(outgoing trunk call)
• (iii) Subscriber lines and trunks from other exchanges
• (incoming trunk calls)
• (iv) Pairs of trunks towards different exchanges
(transit switching)
 Block Schematic of SPC Exchange
• Terminal equipment, provides on individual basis for each
subscriber line and for inter-exchange trunk.
• Switching network may be space- division or time-division, uni-
directional or bi-directional.
• Switching processor, consisting mainly of processors and memories.
• Switching peripherals (Scanner, Distributor and Marker), are
Interface Circuits between control system terminal equipment and
switching network.
•
• Signaling interfaces depending on type of signaling used, and
•
• Data Processing Peripherals (Tele - typewriters, Printers, etc. ) for
man- machine dialogue for operation and maintenance of the
exchange.
 Analogue Subscriber Line Interface
•
• The functions of a Subscriber Line Interface, for
each two wire line, are often known by the acronym:
BORSCHT.
• B : Battery feed
• O : Overload protection
• R : Ringing
• S : Supervision of loop status
• C : Coding & Decoding
• H : Hybrid
• T : Connection to test equipment
• All these functions cannot be performed directly
by the electronic circuits and, therefore, suitable
interfaces are required.
 Operation Of Switching System

• Analogue Subscriber Administration

• ISDN Subs Administration
• Tariff Administration
• Routing Administration
• CCS#7 Routing Administration
• Networking Administration
• Traffic Administration
• System Administration
 Switching Network Configuration of
some Modern Switches

• E10B - T-S-T
• EWSD - T-S-S-S-T
• AXE10 - T-S-T
• CDOT(MBM) - T-S-T
• 5ESS - T-S-T
• OCB 283 -T
 ISDN Subscriber Administration

• The Operation & Maintenance procedures for

ISDN subscriber administration
• are performed i.e.
• 1. Creating a basic rate access BRA ISDN
subscriber i.e. 2B+D
• 2. Administration of important supplementary
services for a BRA Subscriber
• 3. ISDN PABX Administration Business houses can
be provided PRA which is
• connected to ISDN PABX. PRA is 30B+D
 Administration of Tariff and Charges
• 1. Tariff Administration Tasks:
Different tariff plans are given in detail for facilitating the customer
needs.
• 2. Billing Administration for Subscriber Facilities:
Normally billing is done on monthly basis.
• 3. Meter Administration:
Metering is taken at regular intervals. It can be fortnightly or monthly.
MO/Tapes are prepared for billing.
• 4. Statistical Meter Administration
It shows different route metering. With the help of this particular
route traffic can be calculated.
• 5. CDR Administration
Call detail report is generated which is having the details of the
subscriber calls ,
• charging information and other details.
 Routing Administration

• Routing Administration
• - Create routing tables for outgoing/ incoming connection: For all
the calls destined to
• other stations as well as to be terminated within the exchange itself
routing tables
• are created.
• - Create, display and cancel an announcement connection: For all
types of
• announcements provision is made in the exchange. Greeting
announcements are
• also created and fed to subscribes on different occasions like Holi,
Deepawali, New
• year and Pongal etc.
 CCS#7 Routing Administration

• - For efficient and fast signalling all the NT

switches use CCS#7 signalling. For all
types of connectionless and connection oriented
it is very effective signalling.
 Network Administration

• Network administration contributes to optimum use of the

network. Network administration functions evaluate specific criteria
to provide information which can be used to optimize network
utilization.
• Methods include the rejection of unauthorized call attempts and
the automatic diversion of traffic to alternative
• routes if a high traffic volume is detected.
• The network administration functions are :
• • Code block administration and blocking of call categories
• • Network management control
• • Traffic restriction administration for traffic types
• • Route switchover administration
• • Trunk group reservation administration
 Traffic Administration

• - Traffic measurement on various trunk group for

augmentation : Continuous
• observation on different circuit groups is taken to
ensure smooth traffic in all
• directions. Traffic monitoring on announcement
circuit for addition / deletion of
• circuits is done.
• - The traffic administration may be conducted at
Centralised Network Management
• Centres.
 System Administration

• System administration describes the operational tasks

that may have to be
• performed when the system is running normally, and
which must be set only once
• before system start-up. These tasks normally relate to
the following functions:
• System time administration
• Authorization and Passwords
• Output messages administration
• Administration of variable exchange data
• File administration
 Maintenance of switching system

Alarms
• Equipment Alarms: Maintenance staff should check the
alarms daily. Equipment at which alarms are displayed
should be diagnosed and remedial action should be
taken to remove the fault.
• Infrastructure alarms should also be checked like fire,
battery, power plant, airconditioning etc. If there is any
alarm it should be removed. Stock of spare cards
should be checked at regular interval and faulty cards
should be dispatched for repair at the earliest.
 Recovery And Emergency Concepts

• If due to any reason exchange is down, immediate action

should be taken to revive the exchange with the help of
backup magnetic disk/tapes and all the charging
information and other semi-permanent database should be
updated with the help of backup magnetic disk/tapes so
that exchange is running at current level.
• Help of level-I/II maintenance staff/ technical assistance
centre should be taken at the time of recovery.
Maintenance staff should be trained to recover the
exchange
• in case of emergency. List of the manufacturer guidelines/
handouts, to be followed in case of emergency, should be
clearly displayed on the walls of the exchange.
 The Centre for Development of Telematics is an Indian
Government owned Telecom Technology development
centre. It was established in 1984 with initial mandate of
designing and developing digital exchanges. Today, C-
DOT has expanded itself in the area of Telecom. C-DOT is
now a Next Generation Technology Centre developing
various intelligent software applications. It has offices in
Delhi and Bangalore
 About C-DOT
• Formed
August 1984
• Jurisdiction
India
• Headquarters
Delhi, India
• Minister responsible
Kapil Sibal, Ministry of Communication and Information
Technology
• Agency executives
V V R Shastri, Executive Director
Vipin Tyagi & Jayant Bhatnagar
• Website:http://www.cdot.in
CDOT S/N