PLANT MITOSIS

GENERAL BOTANY (LAB)

MAGAT, 2018

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CELL DIVISION
INTERPHASE
HAS THREE PHASES: G1, S AND G2

 Growth and development phases happen duri

ng G1 and G2
 S phase happen during the synthesis of chro
mosomes when the chromosomes double in n
umber.
• LATER:
• FOCUS ON THE CELLS NEAR THE R
OOT TIP. OBSERVE THE SPHERICAL
NUCLEUS.
• It is composed of fine threads wh
ich comprise a network and these
deeply stained bodies are the
CHROMOSOMES.
 Observe that there are two nucleoli i
nside the nucleus.
MITOSIS
PROCESS OF CELL DIVISION
 For multicellular organisms, mitosis results to the increase in size of the organism due to increased number of cells.
 For single-celled organisms, mitosis results to the production of new individuals.
 One nucleus gives rise to TWO daughter nuclei that are exactly alike and precisely similar to parent nucleus.
 Carefully controlled process that organizes and separates the chromosomes correctly.
 Actively dividing cells may be observed in tissues of seed plants called meristems.
Allium cepa ROOT TIP

Why this species?

Because they have larger

chromosomes and
they stain dark.
PROPHASE
Changes that occur in
a cell during prophase:
 The chromatin condenses into
discrete chromosomes by
tightly coiling. This process
makes the chromosomes
visible under the microscope.

 The nuclear envelope breaks

down.

 Coiling of chromatin fibers into

chromosomes.

 Each chromosome having two

chromatids joined at a
centromere.

 MITOTIC SPINDLE:
microtubules and proteins in
the cytoplasm.
 LATE PROPHASE/ PROMETAPHASE
Changes that occur in a cell
during late prophase:
Polar fibers, which are microtubules
that make up the spindle
fibers, reach from each cell pole to
the cell's equator.

• Kinetochores, which are specialize

d regions in the centromeres of chr
omosomes, attach to a type of micr
otubule called kinetochore fibers.

• The kinetochore fibers "interact"

with the spindle polar fibers
connecting the kinetochores to the
polar fibers.

• The chromosomes begin to migra

te toward the cell center.
METAPHASE
Changes that occur in a cell
during metaphase:
• The spindle fully develops.
• Chromosomes align at the me
taphase plate.

• Chromosomes move randomly

until they attach (at their kineto
chores) to polar fibers from bot
h sides of their centromeres.

• At the metaphase checkpoint,

cells make sure that all the repli
cated chromosomes are attache
d to the mitotic spindle before c
ontinuing to anaphase.
ANAPHASE
Changes that occur in a cell
during anaphase:

The paired centromeres in each

distinct chromosome begin to move
apart.

• Once the paired sister chromatids se

parate from one another, each is consi
dered a "full" chromosome.
They are referred to as daughter
chromosomes.

• Through the spindle apparatus, the

daughter chromosomes move to the
poles at opposite ends of the cell.

• The daughter chromosomes migrate

centromere first and the kinetochore
fibers become shorter as the
chromosomes near a pole.
TELOPHASE
Changes that occur in a cell
during telophase:
• Nuclei (plural form of nucleus) begin
to form at opposite poles.

• The nuclear envelopes of these nuclei

are formed from remnant pieces of the
parent cell's nuclear envelope.

• Nucleoli (plural form of nucleolus) also

reappear.

• Chromatin fibers of chromosomes

uncoil.

• After these changes, telophase/mitosis

is largely complete and the genetic
"contents" of one cell have been divided
equally into two.

Cell Plate is prominent.