Fallacies

Reporter: John Lloyd B. Fernandez

Fallacies

Are mistaken beliefs based on

unsound arguments.
Deceptive appeal

Is the technique of conviction or

persuasion, in which the
writer/author uses incorrect
reasoning. They are also called
fallacies.
1. Sweeping generalization

A statement puts all members of a

group into a category.
2. Incorrect sampling

A fallacy that occur when someone

uses biased sample.
3. Argumentum ad hominem

Assails the character of a person

instead of the beliefs he stand for.
ad hominem (Latin for “to the
person”
4. Argumentum ad baculum

ad baculum (Latin “to the stick”)

In essence, ad baculum is using fear
and intimidation to force your
opponent to concede an argument.
Uses force instead of reason to win
an argument
5. Begging the question

When a statement assumes that an

argument has been proven but it
actually was not.
6. ‘Either/or’ fallacy

A false dilemma is a type of informal

fallacy in which something is falsely
claimed to be an “either/or”
situation, when in fact there is at
least one or more additional option
7. False analogy

A false analogy is committed when

the resemblance between two
things that are compared is vague
or unclear or when there is no
resemblance at all.
8. False cause

This false reasoning arises from an error in the

cause and effect relationship.
The soil is wet. Therefore, it rained.
It rained. Therefore, the soil is wet.
9. over-simplification

Assumes that an event has

just one cause when there
are actually multiple causes.
10. Non sequitur

This erroneous reasoning is

commited when the conclusion
does not reasonably follow the
arguments.
11. Post ergo propter hoc

When conclusion is drawn from a

cause and effect relationship that is
purely coincidental.
12. Fallacy of reduction

Identifies one reason for a problem

but does not consider other possible
causes.
13. Slippery slope

A logical fallacy in which a

party asserts that a relatively
small first step leads to a
chain of related events.
14. Two wrongs make a right

This manipulative technique in

writing is often used to justify a wrong
doing just because a similar
wrongdoing was committed.
15. Argumentum ad populum

Appeal to popular prejudices rather

than an appeal to reason.
16. Argumentum ad
miserecordiam

This techniques appeals to pity.

17. Ignoratio elenchi

An argument that may itself be

valid, but does not address the issue
in question.
18. The complex question

 This mode of reasoning arises when

one asks a complex question.
Erroneous appeals
may be avoided 1. misuse of authority
by study:
2. bias
3. lying with the facts
These are some of the
most commonly used
manipulative
4. misleading statistics
techniques employed
by writers, according
5. linking
to Deanne Milan.
Contempt
Ikaw ang mupili sa topic nga
himuan ug work simulation
presentation.