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Unit 7 Presentation
Unit 7 Presentation
Unit 7
Chemistry
Langley
5 States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Bose-Einstein
Condensates
http://www.plasmas.org/E-4phases2.jpg
SOLIDS
Particles are tightly packed and close together
Particles do move but not very much
Definite shape and definite volume (because
particles are packed closely and do not move)
Most solids are crystals
Crystals are made of unit cells (repeating
patterns)
The shape of a crystal reflects the arrangement of
the particles within the solid
SOLIDS
www.ohsu.edu/research/sbh/resultsimages/crystalvsglass.gif
SOLIDS
Allotropes of
Carbon: a)
diamond, b)
graphite, c)
lonsdaleite,
d)buckminsterfull
erene (buckyball),
e) C540, f) C70, g)
amorphous
carbon, and h)
single-walled
(buckytube)
www.wikipedia.org
LIQUIDS
chemed.chem.purdue.edu/.../graphics
GASES
http://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/contextual/heat/tep/
trans/kinetic_theory.gif
PLASMA
STP
Standard Temperature and Pressure
Standard Pressure values are the values listed on
the previous slides
Standard Temperature is 0°C or 273 K
If temperature is given to you in Farenheit, must convert
first!
°F = (9/5)°C + 32
°C = (5(°F-32)) / 9 Remember order of operation rules
K = 273 + °C
°C = K – 273
GASES AND PRESSURE
Pressure Conversions
Example 1: 421 torr = ? Atm
Step 1: Write what you know
Step 2: Draw the fence and place the given in
the top left
Step 3: Arrange what you know from step 1 such
that the nondesired units canceling out so that
you are only left with the units you want (i.e. atm)
Step 4: Solve
Step 5: Report final answer taking into account
the appropriate significant figures
GASES AND PRESSURE
Pressure Conversions
Example 2: 32.0 psi = ? torr
TEMPERATURE
Temperature is the measure of the average
kinetic energy of the particles.
3 Units for Temperature:
Celsius
Farenheit
Kelvin
Has an absolute zero
Absolute lowest possible temperature
All particles would completely stop moving
Temperature Conversions:
Example 1: Convert 35°C to °F
Example 2: Convert 300 Kelvin to °C
MEASURING PRESSURE
Manometers:
Measure pressure
2 kinds: open and closed
Open Manometers:
Compare gas pressure to air pressure
Example: tire gauge
Closed Manometer:
Directly measure the pressure (no
comparison)
Example: barometer
KINETIC ENERGY AND
TEMPERATURE
Energy of motion
Energy of a moving object
Matter is made of particles in motion
Particles have kinetic energy
KE = (mv2)/2
OR
KE = (ma)/2
Kinetic Energy is measured in Joules
1 J = 1kg•m2/s2
The mass must be in kg
The velocity must be in m/s OR acceleration must be in
m2/s2
KINETIC ENERGY AND
TEMPERATURE
Calculate the KE of a car with a mass of
1500 kg and a speed of 50 m/s
KINETIC ENERGY AND
TEMPERATURE
Calculate the KE of a car with a mass of
6780 grams and a speed of 36 km/h
KINETIC ENERGY AND
TEMPERATURE
Temperature-measure of the average kinetic
energy of the particles
Kelvin Scale:
Has an absolute zero (0K)
Absolute lowest possible temperature
In theory, all particles would completely stop moving
Speed of Gases:
If two gases have the same temperature (particles
moving at the same speed) how can you tell which
gas has a greater speed?
The only difference is mass!
To find mass, use the periodic table
KINETIC ENERGY AND
TEMPERATURE
Speed of Gases
Example 1: If CH4 and NH3 are both at 284
K, which gas has a greater speed?
Step One: Add up the mass of each gas using
the periodic table.
Step Two: The lighter gas moves faster (think
about a race between a 100-pound man and a
700-pound man, the lighter man would move
faster)
Example 2: Which gas has a faster speed
between Br2 and CO2 if both are at 32°F?
TERMINOLOGY for PHASE
CHANGES
Melting-commonly used to indicate changing
from solid to liquid
Normal melting point-The temperature at which the
vapor pressure of the solid and the vapor pressure
of the liquid are equal
Freezing-Changing from a liquid to a solid
Melting and freezing occur at the same
temperature
Liquifaction-Turning a gas to a liquid
Only happens in low temperature and high pressure
situations
TERMINOLOGY for PHASE
CHANGES
Difference in Gas and Vapor
Gas-state of matter that exists at normal room
temperature
Vaport-produced by particles escaping from a state
of matter that is normally liquid or solid at room
temperature
Boiling-used to indicate changing from a liquid
to a gas/vapor
Normal boiling point - temperature at which the
vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to standard
atmospheric pressure, which is 101.325 kPa
Boiling point is a function of pressure.
At lower pressures, the boiling point is lower
TERMINOLOGY for PHASE
CHANGES
2 types of boiling: boiling and
evaporation
Evaporation takes place only at the surface of a
liquid or solid while boiling takes place
throughout the body of a liquid
Particles have high kinetic energy
Particles escape and become vapor
Condensation-used to indicate changing
from a vapor to a liquid
TERMINOLOGY for PHASE
CHANGES
Sublimation - when a substance changes directly from
a solid to a vapor
The best known example is "dry ice", solid CO2
Deposition-when a substance changes directly from a
vapor to a solid (opposite of sublimation)
Example-formation of frost
Dynamic equilibrium - when a vapor is in equilibrium
with its liquid as one molecule leaves the liquid to
become a vapor, another molecule leaves the vapor to
become a liquid. An equal number of molecules will be
found moving in both directions
Equilibrium - When there is no net change in a system
TERMINOLOGY for PHASE
CHANGES
Points to Know:
Melting Point-Temperature when solid turns to a
liquid
Freezing Point-Temperature when liquid turns to a
solid
Boling Point-Temperature when a liquid turns to a
vapor
Doesn’t boil unitl vapor pressure coming off liquid is equal
to the air pressure around it
Since air pressure changes with height, water does not
always boil at 100°C
Condensing Point-Tempeature when vapor turns to
liquid
ENTROPY
A measure of the disorder of a system
Systems tend to go from a state of order (low
entropy) to a state of maximum disorder (high
entropy)
Entropy of a gas is greater than that of a liquid;
entropy of a liquid is greater than that of a solid
Solids=low entropy; plasma=high entropy
Entropy tends to increase when temperature
increases
As substances change from one state to another,
entropy may increase or decrease
Le CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
Anytime stress is placed on a system, the
sytem will readjust to accommodate that stress
If a chemical system at equilibrium experiences
a change in concentration, temperature,
volume, or total pressure, then the equilibrium
shifts to partially counteract the imposed
change
Can be used to predict the effect of a change in
conditions on a chemical equilibrium
Is used by chemists in order to manipulate the
outcomes of reversible reactions, often to
increase the yield of reactions
Le CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE