STATES OF MATTER

Matter
- Anything that takes up space and has mass
- Has many ways to be described: (state, color, texture, odor, measurement, mass, volume and density)
Forms:

 Solid – has definite shape and a definite volume

 Liquid – has definite volume but no definite shape
 Gases – has no definite volume and shape
 Plasma – high-energy matter consisting of positively and negatively charges particles
2 Main Factors that Determine the State of Matter
 Particles Motion
 Particles Forces
Note: Particles, such as atoms, ions or molecules, moving in different ways make up all matter. Atoms that
make up matter contain positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons. – force of attractions
Solids
- Definite shape and volume
- Particles tightly packed
- Strong attractive forces
- Particles vibrate in place
Particles in a Solid

 Particles are very close to their neighboring particles

 The attractive forces between the particles are strong and hold them close together
 Strong attractive forces and slow motion of the particles keep them tightly held in their positions
 Particles simply vibrate back and forth in place
Types of Solids:
o Determined by the arrangement of their particles
o Different particle arrangements give materials different particles

Example:
Diamond – particles arranged in a specific repeating order (HARD)
Charcoal – particles arranged randomly (BRITTLE)
Liquids
- No definite shape, has definite volume
- Particles free to move past other particles
- Attractive forces weaker than those in solids
Particles in a Liquid

 Particles motion is faster than particle motion in solid state

 Increased particle motion causes particles to move slightly farther apart, decreasing attractive forces
between the particles
 Weaker attractive forces allow particles to slip past one another
  Weather forces also enable liquids to flow and take shape of their containers
Viscosity
- From Latin “viscum”, means “sticky”
- A measurement of a liquid’s resistance to flow
- Is due to particle mass, shape and strength of attraction between the particles of a liquid
- The stronger the attractive forces between particles, the higher the viscosity
- High temperature, lower viscosity
- Large particles or particles with complex shapes tend to move more slowly and have difficulty slipping
past one another
Surface Tension

 The uneven forces acting on particles on the surface of a liquid

 The stronger the attractive forces between the particles, the greater the surface tension of a liquid
Cohesion – attraction between similar molecules
Gases
- No definite shape, or volume
- Particles far apart and move freely
- Slight or weak attractive forces between particles
Particles in a Gas

 As the particles move faster, the particles move farther apart

 As particles move even faster, the particles move even farther apart
 When the distances between particles change, the attractive forces between the particles also change
Forces Between Particles
o Gases have no definite shape or volume because it lacks attractive forces between particles

Vapor
- The gas state of a substances that is normally a solid or liquid at room temperature
- Substances that can form a vapor other than water are:
o Rubbing alcohol
o Lodine
o Mercury
o Gasoline
Postulates of the Kinetic Molecular Theory 2. Gas molecules move at very high speeds,
traveling in straight paths but in random
1. Gases are composed of atoms or molecules
directions.
which are widely separated from one
3. Gas molecules collide with one another and
another.
with the sides of the container.
4. The average kinetic energy of the molecules
is determined by the gas temperature

 Ideas about molecular movement have been developed in greater detail due to the basic assumptions
of kinetic molecular theory
 Gas movement from one place to another, or transitional motion, is just one of the possible motions of
molecules
 Molecules also have rotational motion
 Three types of motion for a diamotic molecule: TRANSLATIONAL, ROTATIONAL and VIBRATIONAL

The Behavior of Gases

Ideal Gases – one in which intermolecular forces

are negligible and gas molecules occupy negligible
Pressure and Volume
volume
- The greater the volume the lesser the
Real Gases – behave as almost as ideal gases at
pressure and vice versa
ordinary temperatures and pressures
Pressure
- From Lation “pressure”, means “to press”
- Amount of force applied per unit of area
- Result of collision between particles in a
container
- The more the particles are compressed, the
more often they collide, increasing the
pressure
 Boyle’s Law

 States that pressure of a gas increases if

the volume decreases and pressure of a gas
decreases if the volume increases.  (↑P ↓V
or ↑V ↓P)
 Described this property of Gases by Robert
Boyle (1697-1691), a British scientist
Equation:
P1 and V1 represent the
pressure and volume BEFORE
change will P2 and V2 are the
pressure and volume after change Graphing Boyle’s Law

V1P1 = V2P2

Boyle’s Law in Action

P1V1 = P2V2
P1 = initial pressure
V1 = initial volume
P2 = final pressure
V2 = final volume

Example:
A balloon with a volume of 2.0 L is filled with a gas at 3 atmospheres (atm). If the pressure is reduced to 0.5
atmospheres (atm) without a change in temperature (k), what would be the volume of the balloon?
To find the final volume, solve the equation for V2:
Formula: V2 = P1V1/P2
Given: V1 = 2.0 L
P1 = 3 atm
P2 = 0.5 atm
Solution:
V2 = (2.0 L) (3 atm) / (O.5 atm)
V2 = 6 L/atm / 0.5 atm
V2 = 12 L
Answer:
The volume of the balloon will expand to 12 L.
A sample of gas has an initial pressure of 2.44 atm and an initial volume of 4.01 L. Its pressure changes to 2.93
atm. What is the new volume if temperature and amount are kept constant?
Given: P2 = 2.44 atm
V1 = 4.01 L
P2 = 1.93 atm
Formula: V2 = P1V1/P2
 Solution:
V2 = (2.44 atm) (4.0 L) / (1.93 atm)
V2 = 5.07 L

If a gas at 25.0 °C occupies 3.60 liters at a pressure of 1.00 atm, what will be its volume at a pressure of 2.50
atm?
Given: P1 = 1.00 atm
V1 = 3.60 L
P2 = 2.50 atm
Formula: V2 = P1V1/P2
Solution:
V2 = (1.00 atm) (3.60 L) / (2.50 atm)
V2 = 1.44 L
Two bulbs of different volumes are separated by a valve. The valve between the 2.00 L bulb, in which the gas
pressure is 1.00 atm, and the 3.00 L bulb, in which the gas pressure is 1.50 atm, is opened. What is the final
pressure in the two bulbs, the temperature being constant and the same in both bulbs?
Given: V1 = 1.00 atm
P1 = 2.00 L
P2 = 1.50 atm
V2 = 3.00 L
Formula: P1V1 + P2V2
Solution:
(1.00 atm) (2.00 L) = (x) (5.00 L)
x = 0.400 atm
(1.50 atm) (3.00 L) = (y) (5.00 L)
y = 0.900 atm
1: Add em up
0.400 atm + 0.900 atm = 1.30 atm
Temperature and Pressure
- The higher the temperature the higher the pressure and vice versa

Charle’s Law

Charles’s Law in Action

Graphing Charles’s Law

V1T2 = V2T1
V1 = final volume
T1 = initial temperature
V2 = final volume
T2 = initial temperature

Example:
What is the final volume if a 10.5 L sample of gas is heated from 25°C to 50°C?
Given: V1 = 10.5 L
T1 = 25°C + 273.15 k = 298.15 k
T2 = 50°C + 273.15 k = 323.15 l
V2 = ?
Formula: V2 = T2V1 / T1
Solution:
V2 = (323.15 k) (10.5 L) / 298.15 k
V2 = 3393.075 k/L / 298.15 k
V2 = 11.4 L
What volume change occurs to a 400.0 mL gas sample as the temperature increases from 22.0 °C to 30.0 °C?
Given: V1 = 400.0 mL
T1 = 22.0°C + 273.15 k = 295.15 k
T2 = 30.0°C + 273.15 k = 303.15 k
Formula: V2 = T2V1 / T1
Solution:
V2 = (303.15 k) (400.0 mL) / 295.15 k
V2 = 121260 k/mL / 295.15 k
V2 = 410.84 mL
A balloon has a volume of 2500.0 mL on a day when the temperature is 30.0 °C. If the temperature at night falls
to 10.0 °C, what will be the volume of the balloon if the pressure remains constant?
Given: V1 = 2500.0 mL
T1 = 30.0°C + 273.15 k = 303.15 k
T2 = 10°C + 273.15 k = 283.5 k
 Formula: V2 = T2V1 / T1
Solution:
V2 = (283.15 k) (2500.0 mL) / 303.15 k
V2 = 707875 k/mL / 303.15 k
V2 = 2335.07 mL

If 15.0 liters of neon at 25.0 °C is allowed to expand to 45.0 liters, what must the new temperature be to
maintain constant pressure?
Given: V1 = 15.0 L
T1 = 25.0°C + 273.15 k = 298.15 k
V2 = 45.0 L
Formula: T2 = V2T1 / V1
Solution:
T2 = (45.0 L) (298.15 k) / 15.0 L
T2 = 13416.75 L/k / 15.0 L
T2 = 894.45 k

The Ideal Gas Law

 Derived from the combination of three gas laws – Boyle’s, Charles’s and Avogadro’s
 Show how the volume of a gas depends on pressure, temperature, and number of moles present
Equation:
P = absolute pressure; atm
V = volume; L
T = temperature; K
n = number of particles of gas; mol
R = ideal gas constant (0.08205 L.atm/mol.K)
PV = nRT
Example:
Find the volume of 0.85 moles of gas at a pressure of 520 torr and a temperature of 15°C.
Given: P = 520 torr ÷ 760 = 0.68 atm
V=
n = 0.85 moles
T = 15°C + 273.15 k = 288.15 k
R = 0.08205 L.atm/mol.K
Formula: V = nRT/P
 Solution:
V = (0.85 moles) (0.08205 L.atm/mol.K) (288.15 k) / 0.68 atm
V = 20.10 L / 0.68
V = 29.56 L

How many moles of gas are present in a sample at 700 torr, 333°C, and occupying a volume of 452 mL?
Given: P = 700 torr ÷ 760 = 0.92 atm
V = 452 mL ÷ 1000 = 0.45 mL
n=
R = 0.08205 L.atm/mol.K
T = 333°C + 273.15 k = 606.15 k
Formula: n = PV/RT
Solution:
n = (0.92 atm) (0.45 L) / (0.08205 L.atm/mol.k) (606.15 k)
n = 0.41 / 49.73 moles
n = 0.008 mol / 0.04 ml / 8x10³
If I have an unknown quantity of gas at a pressure of 1.2 atm, a volume of 31 L, and a temperature of 87°C.
how many moles of gas that I have?
Given: P = 1.2 atm
V = 31 L
n=
R = 0.08205 L.atm/mol.K
T = 87°C + 273.15 k = 360.15 k
Formula: n = PV/RT
Solution:
n = (1.2 atm) (31 L) / (0.08205 L.atm/mol.K) ( 360.15 k)
n = 37.2 / 29.55 moles
n = 1.26 mol
 Types of Chemical Reactions

Synthesis – the get together

 Two or more chemical bond together
forming one new substance.
 x + y = xy

Double replacement – the swap

 Two compounds switch ions with each other
 ab + xy = ax + by
Decomposition – the break up
 One substance breaks down into two or
more separate substances.
 xy = x + y

Combustion – everyone loves o2

 A compound burns in oxygen gas (this
compound must be a hydrocarbon – made
of hydrogen and carbon)
 Oxygen will always be a reactant
Single replacement – the cheater
 One element knocks another element out of
a compound
 ab + x = ax + b