1-GSM Fundamentals ISSUE3.2

OMA000001
GSM Fundamentals
ISSUE 3.2
Wireless Curriculum Development Section

haoxiuyan:
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haoxiuyan: Contents
Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System

GSM Network Components
Terrestrial Interface
Service Area and Number Planning
Channels on The Air Interface

Radio Technologies
The Future Development

2
Confidential Information of Huawei.
No Spreading without Permission. Security Level: Internal
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haoxiuyan: Objectives
On completion of this section

the student will be able to:
 Name the frequency spectrum

used in GSM
 Name the concept of frequency
reused.
 Name the two different cell types
and understand why and when
each would be used.
3
The Frequency Spectrum
GSM 900
EGSM GSM EGSM GSM
880 890 915 925 935 960

MHz
Gd
Duplex Separation: 45MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz
4
The Frequency Spectrum
DCS 1800
Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit
1710 1785 1805 1880MHz
Duplex Separation: 95MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz
5
Frequency Re-Use
What is Frequency Re-Use?
Because frequency resource of mobile system is

very limited,
The different Subscribers must use the same
frequency in different place.
Of course, the quality of communication must be
ensured.
6
Frequency Re-Use
How can we reuse frequency?
7(Site)X 1(Cell)
7 23
Re-use
1
6 4
7
Frequency Re-Use
4(Site)X 3(Cell) 5
1
Re-use 7 9 6
3 2
5 11 8 10
1 4
9 6 12 7
2 3
10 5 11
1
9
8
CELL
Omni
Omni-Directional Cells
1
120 Degree Sectors 1

120
degree 2
3
9
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Radio Technologies

10
Objectives

you will be able to:
Draw the structure of GSM
Identify the functions of

each component
11
NSS AUC
HLR
EIR
OSS OMC
MSC/VLR PSTN
SIM
ME BTS BSC
MS
BSS
12
Mobile Station—MS
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment
Identity (IMEI)
– Mobile Equipment
International Mobile Subscriber

Identity (IMSI)
– Subscriber Identity Module
13
Subscriber Identity Module – SIM
 International Mobile Subscriber

Identity (IMSI)
 Temporary Mobile Subscriber
GSM
Identity (TMSI)
 Location Area Identity (LAI)
 Subscriber Authentication Key
(Ki)
 Mobile Station International
Standard Data Network (MSISDN),
it is optional.
14
Base Station Subsystem – BSS
MSC
 The Base Station
Controller – BSC
 The Base Transceiver BSS TC/SM
Station – BTS
 The Trans-coder – TC
and Sub multiplexer BSC
(SM)
BTS
15
The Network Switching System
NSS AUC
HLR
OMC EIR
EC PSTN
MSC/VLR
IWF
Mobile Switching Center – MSC

Home Location Register – HLR
Visitor Location Register – VLR
Equipment Identity Register – EIR
Authentication Center – AUC
BSS
Inter-Working Function – IWF
Echo Cancellor – EC 16
Mobile Service Switching Center – MSC
Call Processing
Operations and Maintenance
Support
Inter-network & Inter-working
Billing
17
Home Location Register – HLR
 Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN)

 Current subscriber VLR (current location)
 Supplementary service information
 Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)
 Authentication key and AuC functionality
18
Visitor Location Register – VLR
 Mobile Status(IMSI detached/ attached)

 Location Area Identity(LAI)
 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
 Mobile Station Roaming Number(MSRN)
19
Equipment Identity Register – EIR
•White List
•Black List IMEI
Is Checked against White List
•Grey List
If NOT found,
checked against
Grey/Black List
If NOT found, checked IMEI

against White List Is Checked against Black/Grey List
indications
If found, returns a Black

or Grey List indicator
20
Inter-Working Function – IWF
• Rate Conversion
• Protocol Adaptation
MSC
EC IWF
PSTN
21
Echo Canceller － EC
Echo takes place by GSM system delay caused by call processing,speech

encoding and decoding etc.
An Echo Canceller is used on the PSTN side of the MSC for all voice circuits
4-wire
2-wire 2- wire
Hybrid Hybrid
Generation of Echo at 2-wire to 4-wire Interface

22
Operation and Maintenance Sub System
OSS(NMC)
OMC OMC
OMC
Region2 Region 3
Region 1
23
Operation and Maintenance Center – OMC
OMC – R: OMC assigned specifically to

the Base Station Subsystem
OMC – S: OMC assigned specifically to

the Network Switching Subsystem
24
OMC Functional Architecture
Event/Alarm Security
Management Management
MMI
OS DB
Fault Configuration
Management Management
Performance
Management
25
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Radio Technologies

26
Objectives

 Identify the protocols used

on the terrestrial interfaces
between the GSM system
entities
27
GSM Interface
D
HLR
G H
VLR VLR C AUC
EIR
B F
MSC MSC
E
IWF EC EC IWF
A
TC
Um Abis
MS BTS BSC 28
GSM Protocol
29
SigL1: 2MBps Trunks
HLR
OMC AUC
IWF EIR
MSC/VLR MSC/VLR
EC
EC
TC
BSC PSTN
BTS BTS
30
2MBps Trunks
Typical Configuration
TS 0 TS 1-15 TS16 TS 17-31
TS = Time slot
TS# Used for
0 Frame Alignment /Error Checking /Signaling
1-15 Traffic
16 CCS7 Signaling (Other TS may also the used)
17-31 Traffic
31
Abis (LAPD) Interfaces
Frame check Information Address Flag

Flag Control
Sequence
last bit first bit
32
ITU Signaling System CCS7
CCS7 Levels
OSI Layers MAP
7. Application BSSAP
TUP ISUP TCAP (DTAP+BSSMAP)
6. Presentation
5. Session SCCP
4. Transport
MTP Level 3
3. Network
2. Link
MTP Level 2
1 Physical
MTP Level 1 2 Mb/s Trunk
33
Abbreviation of CCS7
 MTP Message Transfer Part

 TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application
Part
 SCCP Signaling Connection Control Part
 TUP Telephone User Part
 ISUP ISDN User Part
 MAP Mobile Application Part
 BSSAP Base Station System Application Part
 BSSMAP BSS Management Application Part
 DTAP Direct Transfer Application Part
34
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Radio Technologies

35
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haoxiuyan: Objectives

Identify the system identification number
Identify the of mobile identification number
Identify the cell identification number
36
haoxiuyan:
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haoxiuyan: Service Area
System area
PLMN
PLMN service
service area
area PLMN service area
MSC service area... MSC service area...
Location area...
Base station area...
Location area...
......
Base station area...
Radio cell
Radio cell
...... ......
37
haoxiuyan:
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haoxiuyan:
haoxiuyan: MSC/VLR Number
CC NDC LSP
MSC/VLR number
The format is CC+NDC+LSP

CC：Country Code.
For example: The CC of China is "86".
NDC：National Destination Code.

For example: The NDC of China Mobile is 139、138、137、
136、135.
LSP(locally significant part): is defined by Telecom operator.

For example: 86-139-00311 38
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haoxiuyan:
haoxiuyan: HLR Number
The format is：CC+NDC+H0 H1 H2 H3 0000.

CC：Country Code.
For example: The CC of China is "86".
NDC：National Destination Code.

For example: The NDC of China Mobile is 139、
138、137、136、135.
H0H1H2H3 is defined by Telecom operator.

For example: 86-139-0666-0000.
39
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haoxiuyan: LAI
MCC MNC LAC
Location Area Identification
The LAI is the international code for a location area.
MCC：Mobile Country Code，It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC：Mobile Network Code，It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"
LAC： Location Area Code，It is a two bytes BCD code(hex).
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 460-00-0011
40
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haoxiuyan:
haoxiuyan: CGI
CGI: Cell Global Identification
The CGI is a unique international identification for a

cell
The format is LAI+CI
LAI: Location Area Identification
CI ： Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes BCD
code(hex) to identify the radio cells within an LAI.
For example : 460-00-0011-0001
41
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haoxiuyan:
haoxiuyan: BSIC
BSIC（Base Station Identification Color Code)
NCC BCC
BSIC
NCC ： PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It

allows various neighboring PLMNs to be distinguished.
BCC ： BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit. It allows
distinction
between different radio frequency channels using the same
frequency in neighboring cells.
42
haoxiuyan:
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haoxiuyan:
haoxiuyan: MSISDN
CC NDC SN
National (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number
CC： Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".

NDC：National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of
China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.
SN： Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD
Example: 86-139-0666-1234
43
haoxiuyan:
haoxiuyan:
haoxiuyan:
haoxiuyan: IMSI
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits 2 digits
MCC MNC MSIN

NMSI
IMSI
MCC：Mobile Country Code，It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460"。
MNC：Mobile Network Code，It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00"。
MSIN：Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF
For example: 666-9777001
NMSI：National Mobile Subscriber Identification，MNC and MSIN
form it together.
For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
44
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haoxiuyan: TMSI
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
 The TMSI is assigned only after successful

subscriber authentication.
 The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI
numbers and notifies them to the HLR.
 TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the
mobile subscriber on the air interface is kept
secret.
 The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers)
and determined by the telecom operator.
45
haoxiuyan:
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haoxiuyan:
haoxiuyan: IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC FAC SNR SP
IMEI
TAC ： Type approval code. It is administered by the type

approval center.
FAC ： Final assembly code.It is administered by the
manufacturer.
SNR：Serial number.It is issued by the manufacturer of the MS.
SP：Not used.
46
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haoxiuyan:
haoxiuyan: MSRN/HON
MSRN: Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number

HON: Hand-over Number
 The MSRN is used to route the call to the MSC which MS

is currently located.
 The HON is used by the MSC-A to set up a connection to
the MSC-B during handover process
 Usually, MSRN and HON share the same numbering plan.
 The format is CC+NDC+individual number. CC and NDC
is the same as that of MSISDN. The individual number is
taken from a pool of numbers specially reserved for
MSRN.
47
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haoxiuyan:
haoxiuyan: RSZI
RSZI (Regional Subscription Zone Identity)
RSZI
CC NDC ZC
Zone Code, Two octets
CC、NDC: same as that of MSISDN

ZC(Zone Code): is designed by telecom operator and
stored in the VLR.
48
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Radio Technologies

49
Objectives

Identify the types of physical channels

and logical channels
Name the 4 most commonly used channel

combinations
Understand the structure of multiframes
50
Physical and Logical Channels
The physical channel is the medium over which

the information is carried
The logical channels consist of the information
carried over the physical channel
TDMA FRAME
0 1 2 3 4 5 60 7
Timeslot
The information carried in one time
slot is called a “burst”
51
Traffic Channel
TCH
Traffic Channels
Normal Burst
Speech Data
TCH/FS TCH/HS
TCH/9.6 TCH/2.4
TCH Traffic Channel
TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel
TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel
TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s
TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s TCH/4.8
TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s 52
Control Channel
CCH Control Channels
DCCH BCCH
SDCCH ACCH
BCCH Synch. CH.
FACCH SACCH CCCH

SCH FCCH
Broadcast Control Channel – BCCH RACH

Common Control Channel – CCCH CBCH
Dedicated Control Channel – DCCH
Associated Control Channel – ACCH PCH/AGCH 53
Broadcast Control Channel – BCCH
The information carried on the CCH

BCCH is monitored by the mobile
periodically when it is switched BCCH
on and not in a call downlink only
BCCH:Broadcast Control Channel
FCCH: Frequency Correction Synch.

Channel BCCH Channels
SCH: Synchronization Channel
SCH FCCH
54
Common Control Channel – CCCH
CCH
The CCCH is responsible for
transferring control information
between all mobiles and the
BTS.
CCCH
RACH: Random Access Control
Channel
PCH: Paging Channel RACH CBCH
AGCH: Access Grant Control uplink downlink
Channel
CBCH:Cell Broadcast Channel
PCH/AGCH
downlink
55
Dedicated Control Channel – DCCH
DCCH is assigned to a single

CCH
mobile connection for call setup
or for measurement and handover
purpose. DCCH
SDCCH: Standalone Dedicated
Control Channel
ACCH: Associated Control
Channel SDCCH ACCH
SACCH: Slow Associated Control
Channel
FACCH:Fast Associated Control
Channel
FACCH SACCH
56
How to use these channel?
Power-off state
Search for frequency correction pulse FCCH
Search for synchronous pulse SCH
Unscramble system information
BCCH
Idle state
Snoop into paging message PCH

Send access pulse
RACH
Allocate signaling channel
AGCH
Dedicated mode
Set up the call SDCCH
Allocate voice channel
FACCH
Conversation
Release the call TCH
Idle state
FACCH
57
Call Setup Flow
MS BTS BSC MSC
Channel_req Channel_Required
Channel_Active
Channel_Active_Ack
IMMEDIATE ASSIGN COMMAND
First SABM Establish_IND(CM Service Req)
CR(Complete_L3_information)
CC
CM Service Accepted
Setup
Call Processing
Channel_Active Assignment_Req
Channel_Active_Ack
ASSIGNMENT COMMAND
SABM: Set asynchronous
balanced mode command-- First SABM Establish_IND
Initial access frame ASSIGNMENT CMP
Assignment_CMP
UA: Unnumbered Alerting
acknowledgement response
Connect
Connect Ack
Conversation
Disconnect
Release
Release Complete
Clear_CMD
Clear_CMP 58
GSM Multiframe
TDMA Frames
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 46 47 48 49 50
51 – Frame Multiframes
CONTROL CHANNELS
59
GSM Logical Channel
Channel Combination
BCH combination – BCCH + CCCH
DCH combination – SDCCH8 + SACCH8
Combined Channel Combination –
BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH4 + SACCH4
TCH combination – TCH8/FACCH +
SACCH
60
BCCH/CCCH Multiframe
Downlink
B B B B I
F S C C C C F S C C .. F S C C .. F S C C .. F S C C C C C C C C
0 10 20 30 40 50
F = FCCH (Frequency)
S = SCH (Sync.)
C = CCCH (Common)
I = Idle
R = RACH (Random)
Uplink
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R .. R R R ..R R R .. R R R R R R R R R R R
0 10 20 30 40 50
61
SDCCH Multiframe
Downlink
D0 D1 D6 D7 A0 A3 I I I
D0 D1 D6 D7 A4 A7 I I I
0 7 24 32 44 50
D = SDCCH/8 (Dedicated)
A = SACCH/C8
(Associated) I = Idle
Uplink
A5 A6 A7 I I I D0 D7 A0
A1 A2 A3 I I I D0 D7 A4
0 7 12 15 44 5062
Timeslots and TDMA Frames
Higher Capacity Cell
0 1 2 3 4 5 60 7
Broadcast Traffic
Dedicated
0 1 2 3 4 5 60 7
Traffic
Low Capacity Cell
0 1 2 3 4 5 60 7
Combined Traffic
63
Combined Multiframe
Downlink
FS B C FS C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A0 A1 I
FS B C FS C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A2 A3 I
0 2 6 10 20 30 40 50
R = RACH (Random) B = BCCH (Broadcast)
F = FCCH (Frequency) S = SCH (Sync.)
C = CCCH (Common) D = SDCCH/4 (Dedicated)
A = SACCH/4 (Associated) I = Idle
Uplink
D3 R R A2 A3 R R R R D0 D1 R R D2
D3 R R A2 A3 R R R R D0 D1 R R D2
0 4 6 10 20 30 40 6450
GSM Multiframe
TDMA Frames
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 21 22 23 24 25
26 – Frame Multiframes
TRAFFIC CHANNELS
65
TCH Multiframe
Downlink Uplink
 This is used to transmit a 25 IDLE 25 IDLE
Traffic Channel Combination

(TCH/ SACCH/FACCH). The
FACCH is not showed in the
diagram as it does not receive
its own time allocation. The
FACCH steals a time period 12 12
from the TCH is required.
SACCH
 The 13th frame is used by the SACCH
SACCH which carriers link

control information to and
from the mobile and BTS.
 The 26th frame is idle.
0 0 66
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Radio Technologies

67
Objectives
On completion of this section you

will be able to know about the
following radio technologies :
GMSK Modulation Techniques

Power Control
VAD, DTX, DRX
Diversity
Frequency Hopping
68
Modulation Techniques
Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Frequency Modulation (FM)
Phase Modulation (PM)
– phase modulation can be implemented easily

for digital signals, this is the method which is
used for the GSM air interfaces. Phase
Modulation is known as Phase Shift Keying
when applied to digital signals
69
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
Phase
1 0 0 1 1 Gaussian
Modulator
Digital Filter
70
Battery Life
Power Control
Voice Activity Detection – VAD
Discontinuous Transmission – DTX
Discontinuous Reception – DRX
71
Power Control
Both Uplink and Downlink

power settings can be
8W
controlled independently
and individually.
0.8W
5W
Saves radio battery power
Reduces co-channel and
adjacent channel interference
72
VAD & DTX
Without DTX
Encoding the speech

silences at a rate of
500 bit/s rather
than the full 13Kb/s.
If the mobile does
With DTX
not transmit during
‘silence’ there is a
reduction in the
overall power
output requirement
Comfort
Noise
73
DRX
DRX allows the mobile station to effectively “switch off”

during times when reception is deemed unnecessary.
BCCH Multiframe P = Paging Channel
PPPPPP BCCH PP
MS Being MS in MS receive System MS in

paged listen mode listen mode
information 74
Multipath Fading
•Diversity
•Frequency
Hopping
Time Dispersion 75
Diversity
Approx. 10
wavelengths
When diversity is implemented
two antennas are situated at
the receiver. These antennas
are placed several
wavelengths apart to ensure
minimum correlation between
the two receive paths.
Compare or
The two signals are then add signals
combined, this ensures that a
low signal strength is less likely
to occur.
Resultant Signal
76
Frequency Hopping
Each time the BTS or mobile transmits a burst, it

does so on a different RF carrier frequency.
Synthesizer Hopping:each frequency

timeslot on a given
transceiver can transmit
at a different frequency
Baseband Hopping: each
transceiver stays at the
same frequency and the
data is switched to the
appropriate transceiver.
time
77
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Radio Technologies

78
Objectives

State the future development

of digital cellular mobile
system
79
GSM User World Wide
GSM will stay in the Lead, all professional Market

Forecasts say
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
GSM users world wide in millions

80
Voice and Data Service
S
e
rv
i
ce D
a
t
a
a
m
ou
t
V
o
i
ce
T
o
da
y20
0
0 T
i
me
81
Mobile Communication and Internet
m
i
l
li
on
7
0
0
6
0
0
5
0
0
4
0
0
3
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
1
9
95
19
9
61
99
71
9
98
19
9
92
00
0
20
01
M
o
b
il
e I
nt
er
ne
t
82
GSM Develop Path
3G
2Mbps
2.5G IMT-2000
384kbps
EDGE
115 kbps
2G
57.6 kbps GPRS
9.6 kbps HSCSD
GSM
1999 2000 2001
83
Summary


Radio Technologies
84
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OMA000001

Wireless Curriculum Development Section

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System

Service Area and Number Planning

Channels on The Air Interface

The Future Development

On completion of this section

 Name the frequency spectrum

EGSM GSM EGSM GSM

880 890 915 925 935 960

Duplex Separation: 45MHz

Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit

1710 1785 1805 1880MHz

Duplex Separation: 95MHz

What is Frequency Re-Use?

Because frequency resource of mobile system is

How can we reuse frequency?

120 Degree Sectors 1

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System

Service Area and Number Planning

Channels on The Air Interface

The Future Development

On completion of this section

Draw the structure of GSM

Identify the functions of

International Mobile Subscriber

 International Mobile Subscriber

Mobile Switching Center – MSC

 Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN)

 Mobile Status(IMSI detached/ attached)

If NOT found, checked IMEI

If found, returns a Black

Echo takes place by GSM system delay caused by call processing,speech

Generation of Echo at 2-wire to 4-wire Interface

OMC – R: OMC assigned specifically to

OMC – S: OMC assigned specifically to

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System

Service Area and Number Planning

Channels on The Air Interface

The Future Development

On completion of this section

 Identify the protocols used

TS 0 TS 1-15 TS16 TS 17-31

Frame check Information Address Flag

last bit first bit

 MTP Message Transfer Part

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System

Service Area and Number Planning

Channels on The Air Interface

The Future Development

On completion of this section

Identify the system identification number

Identify the of mobile identification number

Identify the cell identification number

The format is CC+NDC+LSP

NDC：National Destination Code.

LSP(locally significant part): is defined by Telecom operator.

The format is：CC+NDC+H0 H1 H2 H3 0000.

NDC：National Destination Code.

H0H1H2H3 is defined by Telecom operator.

MCC MNC LAC

Location Area Identification

The LAI is the international code for a location area.