Skeletal Muscle Physiology

dr. Kt Indra Purnomo, M.Kes

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Terminology

General Term Muscle Equivalent

Muscle cell Muscle fiber

Cell membrane Sarcolemma

Cytoplasm Sarcoplasm

Modified endoplasmic Sarcoplasmic reticulum

reticulum
 Skeletal Muscle

Figure 9.2 (a)

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Nucleus Sarkolemma

Mitochondria

Sarcoplasmic
T Tubules
Reticulum
Mucles Contraction

Summary map mucle contraction

Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin Crossbridges Move Actin Filaments
Myosin ATPase

Where does energy for the power stroke

come from?
• The answer is ATP
• Myosin converts the chemical bond
energy of ATP into the mechanical energy
of crossbridge motion
• Myosin is an ATPase ( myosin ATPase )
that hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and inorganic
phosphate
Calcium Signals Initiate Contraction
Myosin Heads Step Along Actin Filaments
 Role of Ca+ in muscle contraction:
 1. promotes neurotransmitter release .
 2. Triggers Ca+ release from SR .
 3. Triggers sliding of my filaments and ATpase activity .

 4. promotes glycogen breakdown & ATP synthesis .

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 Innervation: motor unit
 a) a motor nerve and a myofibril from a neuromuscular
junction where gap (called synapse) occurs between the two
structures. at the end of motor nerve‚ neurotransmitter (i.e.
acetylcholine) is stored in synaptic vesicles which will release the
neurotransmitter using exocytosis upon the stimulation of a nerve
impulse. Across the synapse the surface the of myofibril contains
receptors that can bind with the neurotransmitter.

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 Neuromuscular junction

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 Major events of muscle relaxation :

1. Acetylcholinestrase decomposes acetylcholine , and the muscle fiber membrane

is no longer stimulated .
2. Ca2+ ions are actively transported into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
3. . ATP causes linkage between actin and myosin filaments to break .
4. Cross–bridges re–open .
5. Troponin & tropomysin molecules inhibit the interaction between
myosin and actin filaments .
6. Muscle fiber remain relaxed , yet ready until stimulated again .

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Where do muscles get the ATP??

1.Phosphocreatine Anaerobic Metabolism

2.Anaerobic glycolysis,
3.Oxidatif Metabolism Aerobic Metabolism
4.Fatty Acids
.
 Metabolic Processes for Generating ATP (Figure 10.15)

Glycolysis

Glucose
NADH 2 ATP
(a) Short-term energy supply
(anaerobic cellular respiration)
2 pyruvate

Insufficient oxygen Cytosol

Lactic acid
Oxygen Outer mitochondrial membrane

Mitochondrion
Pyruvate
Outer membrane compartment

NADH Acetyl CoA

CO2 Inner mitochondrial membrane

Mitochondrial matrix

NADH CO2
Citric
acid
FADH2 cycle
(b) Long-term energy supply 2 ATP
(aerobic cellular respiration)
e–
e– H+ O2 H2O ATP
32

e– Electron e– ATP synthetase

transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)

H+

23
Fatigue Has Multiple Causes

The physiological term fatigue describes a reversible

condition in which a muscle is no longer able to generate or
sustain the expected power output

Factors that have been proposed to play a role in fatigue are

classified into central fatigue mechanisms and peripheral
fatigue mechanisms
Skeletal Muscle Is Classifi ed by Speed
and Fatigue Resistance

The currently accepted muscle fiber types include slow-twitch

fibers (also called ST or type I or Red Muscle), fast-twitch
oxidative-glycolytic fibers ( FOG or type IIA ), and fast-twitch
glycolytic fibers ( FG or type IIB ). Tipe II also called white
muscle
Resting Fiber Length Affects Tension

Each sarcomere contracts with optimum force if it is at

optimum length (neither too long nor too short) before the
contraction begins

The sliding filament theory predicts that the tension a

muscle fiber can generate is directly proportional to the
number of crossbridges formed between the thick and thin
filaments

If the fibers start a contraction at a very long sarcomere

length, the thick and thin filaments barely overlap and form
few crossbridges
At the optimum sarcomere length the filaments begin
contracting with numerous crossbridges betweenthe thick and
thin filaments, allowing the fiber to generate optimum force in
that twitch
If the sarcomere is shorter than optimum length at the
beginning of the contraction, the thick and thin fibers have
too much overlap before the contraction begins.
Consequently, the thick filaments can move the thin filaments
only a short distance before the thin actin filaments from
opposite ends of the sarcomere start to overlap.
Summation
A Motor Unit Is One Motor Neuron and
Its Muscle Fibers
The number of muscle fibers in a motor unit varies

In muscles used for fine motor actions, such as the extraocular

muscles that move the eyes or the muscles of the hand, one
motor unit contains as few as three to five muscle fibers

In muscles used for gross motor actions such as standing or

walking, each motor unit may contain hundreds or even
thousands of muscle fibers
Contraction Force Depends on the Types
and Numbers of Motor Units

The force of contraction in a skeletal muscle can be increased

by recruiting additional motor units

Recruitment is controlled by the nervous system and proceeds

in a standardized sequence
One way the nervous system avoids fatigue in sustained
contractions is by asynchronous recruitment of motor units.
Asynchronous recruitment prevents fatigue only in submaximal
contractions, however.
In high-tension, sustained contractions, the individual motor
units may reach a state of unfused tetanus, in which the
muscle fibers cycle between contraction and partial relaxation
Types of Contractions:
Isotonic Contractions Move Loads; Isometric Contractions Create
Force Without Movement
 Oxygen debt:
During vigorous exercise, the body needs a lot more energy, and
therefore has to get more oxygen into the muscle tissue where energy
is needed
When limit is reached – the body cannot breathe deeper or quick
enough that aerobic energy cannot cope with the amount of
energy needed
This causes the muscles to respire anaerobically
However, with anaerobic respiration, lactic acid is produced
(CH3CH(OH)CO2H)
At the end of exercise, this lactic acid has to be turned into CO2 and
O2 immediately after exercise has finished
This is an oxidation reaction and requires oxygen.

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 Clinical Terms:
 Convulsion : series of involuntary contractions of various
voluntary muscles .
 Fibrosis : Degenerative disease in which connective tissue
replaces skeletal muscle tissue .
 Myalgia : pain resulting from any muscular disorder .
 Myasthenia gravis : an autoimmune , chronic disease
characterized by muscles that are weak and easily fatigue . it
results from the immunes systems attack on neuromuscular
junctions .
 Paresis : partial or slight paralysis of the muscle .
 Muscular dystrophy : progressive muscle weakness and atrophy
caused by deficient dystrophin protein .
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Clinical Terms

 Myopathy : Any muscular disease .

 Paralysis : loss of ability to move a body part .
 Myotonia : prolonged muscular spasm .
 Myositis : inflammation of skeletal muscle tissue .
 Spasm : A sudden , involuntary smooth or skeletal muscle twitch ,
can range from mild to very painful irritation .
 Tics : spasm of eye–lid or facial muscles .
 Cramp : a prolonged spasm that cause a muscle to become taut
and painful .

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings