Shaft Power Generation Devices - 1

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!

Closed or Open Cycle Devices
Displacement work or Flowing Fluid Work Devices
 Nicolaus Otto

• Nicolaus Otto and Eugen Langen started the

world's first engine manufacturing company
N.A. Otto & Cie (now DEUTZ AG, Köln) in
1864.
•In 1867, the pair were awarded a Gold Medal
at the Paris World Exhibition for their
atmospheric gas engine built a year earlier.
 Otto’s Displacement Work Device

FUEL
A
I Ignition
R

Fuel/Air
Mixture Combustion
Products

Intake Compression Power Exhaust

Stroke Stroke Stroke Stroke

Spark Ignition Engine

 Otto’s Divided Model for SI Engine Model
FUEL
A
Ignition I
R

Fuel/Air
Mixture Combustion
Products

Compression Power Exhaust

Intake
Stroke Stroke Stroke
Stroke
 Nichalo Otto’s Model
Qin for Closed Cycle of SI Engine
Qout

Air
TC

BC

Compression Expansion
Process Const volume Process Const volume
heat addition heat rejection
Process Process
Control System for an I.C. Engine
 Air-Standard Otto cycle
Substance : Air : Ideal Gas & Constant Properties

Process 1 2 Isentropic compression

Process 2  3 Constant volume heat addition
Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion
Process 4  1 Constant volume heat rejection

Compression ratio:
v1 v4
Qin r 
v2 v3

Qout

v2 v1
BC TC BC
TC
 First Law Analysis of Otto Cycle
12 Isentropic Compression
AIR

 1 p2
T2  v1   r
    r  1 p1
T1  v2 
Win Win
 (u2  u1 )  cv (T2  T1 )  cvT1 (r  1  1)
m m
23 Constant Volume Heat Addition
Qin
AIR

Qin TC
 (u3  u2 )  cv (T3  T2 )
m
p3 T3 T3 p
   3
p2 T2 T2 r p1
 AIR
3  4 Isentropic Expansion

Wout
 (u3  u4 )  cv (T3  T4 )
m

p4 1 T  1
  4  v3  1 T3 T
     r  1  1
p3 r T3  v4  r  1 T4 T2

4  1 Constant Volume Heat Removal Qout

AIR
Qout
 (u4  u1 )  cv (T4  T1 )
m
BC
p4 p1

T4 T1
 Analysis of Cycle
Net cycle work:

Wcycle  Wout  Win  mu3  u4   mu2  u1 

Cycle thermal efficiency:

Wcycleu3  u4   u2  u1  u3  u2   u4  u1  u4  u1

th     1
Qin u3  u2  u3  u2 u3  u2
cv (T4  T1 ) T3 T1
 1  1
r 
cv (T3  T2 ) T4 T2
 1
 1
T1 1 T2  v1   p2 
th  1  th  1 

 1
 1    r   
T2 r T1  v2   p1 
 Details of Otto Cycle Engine
Net cycle work:
Wcycle  Wout  Win  mu3  u4   mu2  u1 

Cycle thermal efficiency:

1 T2 T v1 v4
th  1   1 T1
 r  1  3
T4
r 
v2 v3
r

Qin

Qout

1
th,Otto  1  k 1
r
 Effect of Compression Ratio on Thermal Efficiency

1
th  1
const cV r  1
Fuel/Air
Mixture
Typical SI engines
9 < r < 11

Compression
Stroke

• Spark ignition engine compression ratio limited by Tig (autoignition) and p3

(material strength), both ~r
 Yamaha Yzf R15 Specification

•Engine Type : Liquidcooled, 4stroke, SOHC

•Engine Displacement(cc) : 149.8 cc
•Compression Ratio :10.4:1
•Maximum Power : 17BHP@8500 RPM
•Maximum Torque :15Nm@7500 rpm
•Air fuel ratio = 1: 14.7
•Calorific value of gasoline = 45,200 kJ/kg
 Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel
• Diesel began designing an engine based on the
Carnot cycle, in 1893.
• Diesel published a treatise entitled, Theory and
Construction of a Rational Heat-engine to
Replace the Steam Engine and Combustion
Engines Known Today.
• This formed the basis for his work on and
invention of, the diesel engine.
• In his engine, fuel was injected at the end of
compression and the fuel was ignited by the
high temperature resulting from compression.
Displacement Work Devices : Compression Ignition Engine

A
I
R

Air Combustion
Products

Intake Compression Power Exhaust

Stroke Stroke Stroke Stroke
 Ideal Diesel Cycle

Qin Qout

Air

BC

Compression Const pressure Expansion Const volume

Process heat addition Process heat rejection
Process Process
 Air-Standard Diesel cycle

Process 1 2 Isentropic compression

Process 2  3 Constant pressure heat addition
Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion
Process 4  1 Constant volume heat rejection
Qin
Cut-off ratio:
v3
rc 
v2
Qout
Compression ratio:

v1
v2 v1
TC BC
r
TC BC
v2
 First Law Analysis of Diesel Cycle

12 Isentropic Compression AIR

Win
 (u2  u1 )  cv (T2  T1 )
m

 1
T2  v1  p2
    r  1
T1  v2   r
p1
23 Constant Pressure Heat Addition
Qin
AIR

TC

Qin W
 (u3  u2 )   c p (T3  T2 ) v3 T3
m m   rc
v2 T2
 AIR
3  4 Isentropic Expansion

Wout
 (u3  u4 )  cv (T3  T4 )
m
k 1
T4  v3 
  
T3  v4 

4  1 Constant Volume Heat Removal

Qout

AIR

Qout
 (u4  u1 )  cv (T4  T1 )
m
p4 p1 BC

T4 T1
 First Law Analysis of Cycle
Net cycle work:

Wcycle  Wout  Win  Qin  Qout  mc p T3  T2   mcv T4  T1 

Cycle thermal efficiency:

Wcycle mc p T3  T2   mcv T4  T1 

th  
Qin mc p T3  T2 

cv (T4  T1 )
 1
c p (T3  T2 )
 Thermal Efficiency

 
rc=1
rc=2  1  1 rc  1 
 1   1  
rc=3
Diesel

r   rc  1 

Typical CI Engines
15 < r < 20

When rc (= v3/v2)1 the Diesel cycle efficiency approaches the

efficiency of the Otto cycle
Higher efficiency is obtained by adding less heat per cycle, Qin,
 run engine at higher speed to get the same power.
 Innova Diesel 2.5: DSLA/T
Direct Injection Four-Stroke
Engine Technology
Common-Rail Diesel (D-4D)
2.5 Liter Diesel, 4-Cylinder, In-
Type line 16V, Double Overhead
Camshaft (Turbo Charged)
Displacement 2494 CC
Maximum Output 76kW/3600
Maximum Torque 260Nm/1600-2400
Bore and Stroke 92.0x93.8
Compression Ratio & cut-off
18.5:1 & 2.5
Ratio
Fuel Consumption at Max. Power 12.2 kg/hr.
Calorific value of Diesel 41,180 kJ/kg
 Thermodynamic Cycle for control volume based
power device

• 1-2 Isentropic compression

• 2-3 Constant pressure heat addition
• 3-4 Isentropic expansion
• 4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection.
• Type of Working substance
– Vapour – Rankine cycle
– Ideal Gas – Brayton cycle.