Aamir Rasool

(23313)
Negative feedback
Introduction:
• Negative Feedback is the most common form of feedback control
configuration used in process, micro-computer and amplification
systems.
• Feedback is the process by which a fraction of the output signal,
either a voltage or a current, is used as an input. If this feed back
fraction is opposite in value or phase (“anti-phase”) to the input
signal, then the feedback is said to be Negative Feedback.
Negative Feedback Circuit
Negative Feedback Equation
Effects of Negative Feedback

• If the open-loop gain, G is very large, then βG will be much greater

than 1, so that the overall gain of the system is roughly equal to 1/β.
• If the open-loop gain decreases due to frequency or the effects of
system ageing, providing that βG is still relatively large, the overall
system gain does not change very much.
• So negative feedback tends to reduce the effects of gain change giving
what is generally called “gain stability”
Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

• Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are the most commonly used type

of linear integrated circuit but they have a very high gain.
• The open-loop voltage gain, AVOL, of a standard 741 op-amp is its
voltage gain when there is no negative feedback applied and the
open-loop voltage gain of an op-amp is the ratio of its output
voltage, Vout, to its differential input voltage, Vin, ( Vout/Vin ).
Non-inverting Op-amp Circuit
Conclusion
• Connecting the output of an op-amp to its inverting (-) input is
called negative feedback. This term can be broadly applied to any
dynamic system where the output signal is “fed back” to the input
somehow so as to reach a point of equilibrium (balance).
Reference:
• Scott K. Burgess & John Choma, Jr. "§6.3 Circuit partitioning" (PDF). Generalized feedback circuit analysis. Archived from the
original (PDF) on 2014-12-30.
• ^ Gaetano Palumbo & Salvatore Pennisi (2002). Feedback amplifiers: theory and design. Springer Science & Business Media.
p. 66. ISBN 9780792376439.
• ^ Jump up to:a b c Arnaldo D’Amico, Christian Falconi, Gianluca Giustolisi, Gaetano Palumbo (April 2007). "Resistance of Feedback
Amplifiers: A novel representation" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems – II Express Briefs. 54 (4): 298 ff.
• ^ For an introduction, see Rahul Sarpeshkar (2010). "Chapter 10: Return ratio analysis". Ultra Low Power Bioelectronics:
Fundamentals, Biomedical Applications, and Bio-Inspired Systems. Cambridge University Press. pp. 240 ff. ISBN 9781139485234.
• ^ Wai-Kai Chen (2005). "§11.2 Methods of analysis". Circuit Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Theory. CRC Press. pp. 11–
2 ff. ISBN 9781420037272.
• ^ Gaetano Palumbo; Salvatore Pennisi (2002). "§3.3 The Rosenstark Method and §3.4 The Choma Method". Feedback Amplifiers:
Theory and Design. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 69 ff. ISBN 9780792376439.
• ^ J. Choma, Jr (April 1990). "Signal flow analysis of feedback networks". IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems. 37 (4): 455–
463. doi:10.1109/31.52748.
• ^ Richard C Jaeger (1997). "Figure 18.2". Microelectronic circuit design (International ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 986.