HIV/AIDS

Group1
Class 10-F
History of HIV/AIDS
• Before 1981, HIV/AIDS was unknown to the medical
community
• 30 million people across the world are infected with
HIV/AIDS today.
• The distribution of cases worldwide is shown in the
map
• New cases per year are 2.7 million.
• 370,000 of new cases are children under 14 and 90%
of them are born to mothers who are HIV positive
• In 1981, doctors observed unusual number of cases
of a rare skin cancer and a rare pneumonia who had
reduced immunity. They called the disease AIDS
(Acquired immunodeficency syndrome)
• After 3 years, discovered the cause of AIDS and
called it HIV virus (human immunodeficiency virus )
Symptoms

• Early infection symptoms: • Developed HIV to AIDS symptoms:

• Diarrhea • Pneumonia
• Fatigue • Tuberculosis
• Weight loss • Hepatitis C
• Fever • Reduced number of white blood cells
• Swollen lymph glands • Increment of probability of some types of
cancers.
HIV mechanism and life cycle

• 1. Binding and fusion

• The virus attaches itself to a T-helper cell and releases HIV into the
cell.
• Fusion or entry inhibitor drugs stop this happening.
• 2. Conversion and integration
• Once inside the T-helper cell, HIV changes its genetic material so it
can enter the nucleus of the cell and take control of it.
• NRTIs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors), NNRTIs (non-
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) and integrase inhibitor
drugs stop this happening.
• 3. Replication
• The infected T-helper cell then produces more HIV proteins that are
used to produce more HIV particles inside the cell.
• 4. Assembly, budding and maturation
• The new HIV particles are then released from the T-helper cell into
the bloodstream which infect other cells; and so the process begins
again.
 Body fluids concentrations

High concentration Low concentration

• Blood • Sweat
• Semen & Vaginal fluids • Tears
• Breast milk • Urine
• Saliva
 Ways of transportation

• The virus appears in most of the body fluids blood, semen, vaginal
fluids, and breast milk of infected individuals and is transmitted in
one of four ways:
• transfusion of infected blood.
• sexual contact with an infected person.
• needle or syringe contaminated with the blood of an infected person.
• an infected mother to her child during pregnancy, birth, or breast-feeding.
 HIV/AIDS prevention

• Accurate screening of blood donors to prevent transmission of the disease from

a blood transfusion
• Using condoms or avoiding illegal sexual activity is an effective prevention
measure
• Programs that focus on drug users and convince them not to share needles
• The creation of a drug that prevents mother-to child transmission of the virus
during pregnancy and labor
 HIV treatment

• Several drugs, which do not cure HIV/AIDS,

but greatly improve the length and quality
of life.
• In the 1990s, combinations of drugs, which
cost about $15,000 per patient per year,
became available in developed countries.
• common drugs were developed, which drove
down the price of the drugs.
• Development of drugs that mask CCR5
protein in cell membrane and block HIV
entry. One such drug, maraviroc (brand
name Selzentry), was approved for
treatment of HIV in 2007
 Thanks for listening
Group1
Class 10-F
Ahmed Moussa – Ibrahim Maher – Ahmed Maher
Ahmed Amr