CGE

Greenhouse Gas Inventory

Hands-on Training Workshop

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES SECTOR

1 2.1
 SECTION A
IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps

 Definition of IP sector activities

 Differentiating non-energy and energy related
emissions
 IPCC source and sub-source categories or
disaggregation
 Estimation methods
 Choice of methods

 Choice of activity data

 Choice of default emission factors

 Tools facilitating choice of EF and reporting

 IPCC emission factor database (EFDB)

 Tools facilitating reporting

2 2.2
 SECTION B

GPG2000 Approach and Steps

 Good practice principles

 Choice of methods – Tier structure and selection
criteria
 GPG2000 potential key sources and decision trees

3 2.3
 SECTION C
Problems Using IPCC 1996GL
GPG2000 Options/Suggested Approaches
 Difficulty in disaggregation of Country
relevant Sources
 Activity Data (AD) Collection and
confidential business information (CBI)
 Emissions Estimation methods and
Reporting
 Inappropriateness of Stoichiometric ratios
as EFs
 Lack of Emission Factors (2)
 Lack of AD and EFs

4 2.4
 SECTION C
Problems Using IPCC 1996GL
and Recommendations

 Other specific issues and

 Use of notation keys in reporting Tables 1& 2
 Activity data collection and reporting
 Institutional arrangements
 Recommended capacity building

5 2.5
 SECTION D

IPCC 1996GL Source Category Specific

Problems of AD and EF

GPG2000 Options

6 2.6
 SECTION E

Inventory Quality Improvement and

Uncertainty Reduction

GPG2000 Approach – QA/QC

7 2.7
 SECTION A

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for

National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
(IPCC 1996GL)

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES SECTOR

Approach and Steps

8 2.8
 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps
Definition of IP Sector Activities

 Non-energy related physical and chemical

processes in production activities leading to
transformation of raw materials and emissions of
GHG (e.g. decomposition reactions)

 Non-energy uses (NEU) of feedstock in process

reactions or stage processes that do not only
release heat but also act predominantly as reducing
agent (e.g. metallurgical coke in the smelting of
ores in metal production)

9 2.9
 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps
Definition of IP Sector Activities
 Feedstock delivered to petrochemical plants
and used for manufacture of other products
and not for energy purposes (e.g. use of
natural gas or other fossils in the manufacture
of ammonia)

 Production-related emissions NOT classified

under IP but under energy sector are GHGs
released from fuel combustion of feedstock in
production activities as sources of energy /
form of energy (i.e. heat, process steam or
electricity generation).
10 2.10
 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps
Differentiating non-energy and energy
related emissions in IPCC 1996GL Vol.3
 Cement production section 2.3.1
 Lime production , 2.4.1
 Soda ash production and use 2.6.1
 Ammonia production 2.8.1 and 2.8.2
 Silicon carbide 2.11.1
 Calcium carbide 2.11.2
 Iron and steel 2.13.3.2
 Ferro alloys 2.13.5.1
 Aluminium 2.13.5.1
11 2.11
Illustration of Non-Energy and Energy
Related Emissions

IPCC 1996GL Vol. 3 (Reference Manual)

Differentiation of Non-Energy and Energy

Related Emissions in IP sector

12 2.12
 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps
IPCC Source and Sub-source Categories
or Disaggregation

 Tools for classification:

 The IPCC inventory software (electronic
version of IPCC worksheet)
 Emission factor database (EFDB)

13 2.13
 Illustration with
EFDB and Software

IPCC 1996GL Sources and

Sub-source Categories/Disaggregation

14 2.14
GHGs from IP sector
(a) CO2, CH4, N2O
(b) HFCs, PFCs, SF6
(c) SO2,CO, NOx, NMVOCs

Relevant source categories

(ref. software long summary)

15 2.15
 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps
General Estimation Methodology
 General equation
TOTALij = AD j x EF ij
 where:

 TOTAL ij = process emission (tonne) of gas i

from industrial sector j

 AD j = amount of activity or production of

process material (activity data) in industrial

sector j (tonne/yr)
 EF ij = emission factor (EF) associated with

gas i per unit of activity in industrial sector j

(tonne/tonne)

16 2.16
 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps
Choice of Methods

 For certain industrial processes, more than

one estimation methodology is presented.
These are:
 Simplified approach referred to as Tier 1

 More detailed methodology referred to as

Tier 2

17 2.17
 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps
Choice of Methods

 Several options are also provided for certain

industrial processes under Tier 1, such as
Tier 1a, 1b, 1c; based on data availability
and suitability of methods
 Order of preference for Tier 1 methods 1a >
1b >1c
 Encourages country-specific methods,
documented and adequately referenced

18 2.18
 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps
Sample tiers by Sub-source Categories

 2B1 – Ammonia production (CO2)

 Tier 1a – AD as natural gas consumption (m ) and
3

EF (kgC/m3)
 Tier 1b – AD as ammonia production (tonnes) and

EF (tonne CO2/tonne NH3)

 2C5 – Calcium Carbide Production (CO2)
 T1a – Consumption of petroleum coke (tonnes) and

EF (tonne C/tonne Coke type)

 T1b – Production of carbide

19 2.19
 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps
Tiers by Sub-source Categories

 2C – Metal production (Iron and Steel, Al,

Ferro-alloys)
 Tier 1a – Consumption of reducing agent

(tonnes) and EF (tonne C/tonne reducing

agent)
 Tier 1b – Production of the metal (tonnes) and

EF (tonne CO2/tonne metal)

20 2.20
 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps
Tiers by Sub-source Categories

 PFCs from aluminum production

 Tier 1a – Direct plant emissions data

 Tier 1b – Estimation based on plant measurements

and empirical estimation

 Tire 1c – Based on aluminium production (tonnes)

and default emission factor (kg/tonne Al)

21 2.21
 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps
Tiers by Sub-source Categories

 2F – HCFC manufacture (HFC-23 release)

 Tier 1 – AD (total production in tonnes) and Default

EF (% of total production)
 Tier2 – Direct emissions from plant specific

measurements using standard methods

 2E – Consumption of ODS substitutes (HFCs, PFCs
and SF6)
 Tire 1a and Tier b – Potential emissions

 Tier 2 – Actual emissions

22 2.22
 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps
Choice of Activity Data

 Plant level measurements or direct

emissions reports with documented
methodologies

 Where direct measurements are not

available, estimations are based on
calculation with plant-specific data

23 2.23
 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps
Choice of Activity Data

 International data sets (United Nations data

sets and Industry associations)

 National databases where available from

appropriate government ministries (e.g.
statistics services, environment ministry,
etc.)

 Standard production statistics from national

statistical publications

24 2.24
 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps
Choice of Default Emission Factors

 Process-reaction-based EFs (stoichiometric ratios)

 Production-based emission factors

 Technology-specific emission factors

 Reported country-/region-specific plant-level

measurements

 IPCC emission factors database, a summary for

process-reaction-based and technology-based EFs

25 2.25
Illustrate Use of Emission Factor
Database (EFDB) for IP Sector

IPCC 1996GL Approach and

Steps

26 2.26
 Comparability of IPCC
Technology-based Default EF
and GPG2000 Plant-level EF

The Case of Aluminium

Production Inventory in Ghana

27 2.27
 Good Practice Activity Data
(Plant-level EF based on Tier 1a method)
CO2 emissions from aluminum production activity data

200000

180000

160000

140000

120000

100000

80000

60000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Period (year) production (tonnes)

gross carbon (tonnes) net carbon (tonnes)

28 2.28
Consumption of Reducing Agent
(Anode carbon)

140,000

120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

gross carbon (tonnes) net carbon (tonnes)

29 2.29
 Net Carbon Consumption

0.500
0.450
0.400
0.350
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

production (megatonnes)
net carbon tonne/tonne al
3 per. Mov. Avg. (net carbon tonne/tonne al)

30 2.30
 Comparability of Good Practice
(Plant level and IPCC default)

Country-specific IPCC default

Process parameter (plant level Tier 2) including baking
7-year average emissions (5%)
Net carbon consumption
assuming 98% purity of anode 0.445
carbon (tonne C/tonne)

Emission factor 1.63 1.58

(tonne CO2/tonne Al)
% difference +3.5%

31 2.31
 Emissions Estimating and
Reporting

Use of IPCC GHG Inventory

Software

IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps

32 2.32
 Reporting Tables
Long Summary and Short Summary

(Reference: IPCC GHG Inventory Software)

33 2.33
 SECTION B

Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty

Management in National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories
(GPG2000)

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES SECTOR

Approach and Steps

34 2.34
 GPG2000 Approach and Steps
Good Practice Principles

 To produce GHG inventories that neither

overestimate nor underestimate emissions so far
as can be judged based on the principle of TCCCA,
namely:
Transparency; Consistency over time;
Completeness, Comparability,
Accuracy

35 2.35
 GPG2000 Approach and Steps
Good Practice Principles

 To use limited resources more efficiently for key

sources
 To reduce levels of uncertainty
 To improve reporting and documentation
 To apply quality assurance and quality control
(QA/QC) and improve transparency

36 2.36
 GPG2000 Approach and Steps
Choice of Methods

 Identifies potential IP sector key source categories

 Provides decision-tree analysis for the selected
sources
 Describes source-category-specific good practice
methods in adapting IPCC 1996GL to country-
specific circumstances

37 2.37
 GPG2000 Approach and Steps
Choice of Methods

 Defines tier numbers for alternative names of

(unnumbered) methods described in IPCC 1996GL
 Provides Good Practice Guidance for various tier
levels of assessment (Tier 1, 2, 3) for selected
source categories

38 2.38
 GPG2000 Approach and Steps
GPG2000 Potential Key Sources Identified

 2A1 – CO2 Emissions from Cement Production

 2A2 – CO2 Emissions from Lime Production
 2C1 – CO2 Emissions from the Iron and Steel
Industry
 2B3 & 2B4 – N2O Emissions from Adipic Acid and
Nitric Acid Production
 2C3 – PFCs Emissions from Aluminum Production
 2C4 – Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions from
Magnesium Production
 2E1 – HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22
Manufacture
39 2.39
 GPG2000 Approach and Steps
GPG2000 Potential Key Sources Identified

 2F(1-5) – Emissions from Substitutes for Ozone

Depleting Substances (ODS substitutes for HFCs
and PFCs used in refrigeration, air-conditioning,
foam blowing, fire extinguishers, aerosols, solvents )
 2F7 – SF6 Emissions from Electrical Equipment
 2F8 – SF6 Emissions from Other Sources of SF6
 2E3 – SF6 Emissions from Production of SF6
 2F6 – PFC, HFC, and SF6 Emissions from
Semiconductor Manufacturing

40 2.40
 GPG2000 Approach and Steps

Decision Trees, and Selection

Criteria for Methods and Structured
Tier Levels

41 2.41
 GPG2000 Approach and Steps
Decision Trees, and Selection
Criteria for Methods and Tier Levels

2A1 – Cement production CO2 Figure 3.1 pg 3.11

2C1 – Iron and Steel Production (CO2) Figure 3.2 pg 3.21

2B1 & 2B2 – Nitric Acid and Adipic Acid Figure 3.4 pg 3.32
(NO2)
Figure 3.5 pg 3.40
2C1 – Aluminum production (PFC)
2C – Use of SF6 in magnesium production Figure 3.6 pg 3.49
(SF6)
2E & 2F – ODS Substitutes Figure 3.11 pg 3.80

42 2.42
 GPG2000 Approach and Steps

Sample Illustrations of Tier Level Methods in

Adapting IPCC 1996GL Based on
National Circumstances

Reference Annex 3, Table 3 of

the IP Handbook

43 2.43
 SECTION C

Review of Problems Encountered in

Using IPCC 1996GL and
GPG2000 Options

44 2.44
 Potential Problems in Preparing
IP Sector Inventory

 Difficulty in disaggregation of country relevant sources

into IPCC categories, particularly sub-source
categories not listed in IPCC 1996GL

45 2.45
 Mapping National Industry
Classification with IPCC Source
Categories

46 2.46
Potential problems in preparing IP Sector inventory
Activity Data Collection and CBI

 Direct reporting of emissions without AD and/or EF

to national institutions responsible for data
collection because of confidential business
information (CBI)

47 2.47
Potential problems in preparing IP Sector inventory
Emissions Estimation Methods and
Reporting
 The reporting of industrial process emissions from
non-energy use (NEU) of feedstock produced in
combination with fuel combustion under Energy
Sector due to the difficulty in differentiation and
possible double counting of CO2
 Direct plant-level measurement and reporting of
industrial process emissions of CO2 from chemical
processes or stage processes in combination with
fuel combustion emissions from energy uses of
feedstock (e.g. CO2 emissions from CaCO3
decomposition and metallurgical coke oxidation in
Solvay process)
48 2.48
Potential problems in preparing IP Sector inventory
Inappropriateness of Stoichiometric
Ratios as EFs

 Where technology-specific or plant-

level data are not available, EF(D) are
based on stoichiometric ratios of
process reactions.

49 2.49
Potential problems in preparing IP Sector inventory
Lack of Emission Factors (2)

 Lack of development of plant-level EFs,

which leads to the estimation of EFs based
on top-down ratios calculated as
EF = Emissions/Aggregate AD.

50 2.50
IPCC 1996GL source-category-specific problems
GPG2000 Tier 1 Good Practice Options

Sample Source Category Estimations

 2.A.1 Cement Production

 2.A.2 Lime Production

 2.A.1 Limestone and Dolomite Use

 2.C.1 Iron and Steel

Reference Table 2 IP Handbook

51 2.51
 Other Specific Problems
Encountered in the Use of
IPCC 1996GL

Suggested Approaches/Options

52 2.52
Potential problems in preparing IP Sector inventory
Notation Keys in Reporting Tables 1& 2

 Inappropriate use and/or limited use of notation

keys (NO, NE, NA, IE, NE) in UNFCCC
reporting Table 1 and Table 2.

53 2.53
 Completeness and Transparency in
Reporting – Use of Notation Keys

NO (not occurring) for activities or processes that do not occur for

a particular gas or source/sink category within a country,
NE (not estimated) for existing emissions and removals which
have not been estimated,
NA (not applicable) for activities in a given source/sink category
which do not result in emissions or removals of a specific gas,
IE (included elsewhere) for emissions and removals estimated but
included elsewhere in the inventory (Parties should indicate
where the emissions or removals have been included),
C (confidential) for emissions and removals which could lead to
the disclosure of confidential information.

54 2.54
Potential problems in preparing IP Sector inventory
Activity Data Collection and Reporting

 Production data on large point sources may be

available in various national institutions in data sets
that are not easily converted to greenhouse gas
inventory data

 Where available, mandatory or voluntary plant-level

data are reported as total emissions without
relevant AD and EF

55 2.55
Potential problems in preparing IP Sector Inventory
Lack of Emission Factors (1)

 Mandatory industry reports (e.g. annual

environmental reports) provide only emissions
estimates without AD and/or EF

 Lack of IPCC default EFs due to differences in

IPCC source and sub-source categories and
disaggregation of country-relevant sources

56 2.56
Potential problems in preparing IP Sector Inventory
Institutional Arrangements

 National institutions and industry associations

collect and present data in formats not appropriate
for GHG estimation (because they are normally
aggregated in data sets relevant for the purposes
for which they were collected)

 Limited awareness among industry/industry

associations about opportunities under the
Convention and therefore lack of motivation to
develop capacity for reporting GHG inventories

57 2.57
Potential problems in preparing IP Sector Inventory
Institutional Arrangement

 Lack of institutional arrangement and clarity over

roles and responsibilities of experts carrying out
the technical studies

 Lack of legal and institutional authority to demand

data from industry to carry out the inventories
(reporting is basically voluntary)

58 2.58
Potential problems in preparing IP Sector Inventory
Institutional Arrangement

 Non-involvement of universities and/or research

centres in climate change efforts that could develop
into a more sustainable inventory system

 Lack of mainstreaming of climate change data

collection by national statistical services and
industry associations

 Lack of QA/QC and uncertainty analysis by data

collection institutions

59 2.59
 Intuitional arrangement problems
Recommended Capacity-building
 Establish a national working group of relevant
stakeholders for plant-level verification and peer
review of the inventory report

 Organize a capacity-building seminar for all

institutions and relevant GHG-contributing
industries to disseminate the IP inventory data sets,
to inform about the need for QA/QC and plant-
specific good practice in developing and reporting
AD and EFs in greenhouse gas inventory data sets

60 2.60
 Intuitional Arrangement Problems
Recommended Capacity-building

 Adapt IPCC 1996GL and GPG2000 and develop

country- specific workbooks documenting methods,
AD, EFs to increase transparency and preserve
institutional memory

 In a capacity-building workshop, disseminate

information about the opportunities for emission
reduction under the Convention and the Financing
Mechanisms under the Protocol to encourage
industry participation

61 2.61
 Review and Assessment of
Activity Data and Emission Factors

Data Status and Options

62 2.62
 GPG2000 Approach and Steps

Inventory Quality Improvement

and Uncertainty Reduction

QA/QC APPROACH

63 2.63