The Radiate Animals

1)Phyla Cnidaria

2)Phyla Ctenophora

1
 Phylum Cnidaria
The phylum Cnidaria contains more than 9000 species.
●

The following is a list of characteristics of the phylum.

Stinging
●

Radial symmetry
●

Exoskeleton present in some (Ca)

●

Two germ layers = dipooblastic

●

1)ectoderm
2)endoderm 2
 Phylum Cnidaria
Characteristics
Locomotion
●

1)some muscular contraction

2)currents
a)wind
b)water
All acquatic (mostly marine)
●

Polymorphisms
●

1)medusa (free-swimming) (fig, 14-2)

3
2)polyps (sessile: fig. 14-2)
 Phylum Ctenophora
Ctenophora is composed of fewer than 100 species. All are
●

marine forms occurring in all seas but especially in warm

waters.
Characteristics:
●

Complete digestion tract (mouth to anus)

●

Locomotion
●

1)ciliary comb plates

2)currents (see Cnidaria)
No polymorphism
●

4
Some have tentacles
●
 Reproduction (Phylum Cnidaria)
●Hydras reproduce sexually and asexually. In asexual
reproduction, buds appear as outpocketings of the body
wall and develop into young hydras that eventually detach
from the parent. Most species are dioecious. Temporary
gonads (Figure 13-6) usually appear in the autumn,
stimulated by lower temperatures and perhaps also by
reduced aeration of stagnant waters. Eggs in the ovary
usually mature one at a time and are fertilized by sperm
shed into the water.

5
Zygotes undergo holoblastic cleavage to form a hollow
●
 Reproduction (Phylum Ctenophora)
●Pleurobrachia, like other ctenophores, is monoecious.
Gonads are located on the lining of the gastrovascular
canals under the comb plates. Fertilized eggs are
discharged through the epidermis into the water.

●Cleavage in ctenophores is determinate (mosaic), since the

various parts of the animal that will be formed by each
blastomere are determined early in embryogenesis. If one
of the blastomeres is removed in the early stages, the
resulting embryo will be deficient. This type of development
differs from that of cnidarians, which is regulative 6
(indeterminate). The freeswimming cydippid larva is
Life Cycle (Phylum Cnidaria)

7
Life Cycle (Phylum Ctenophora)