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Chopper 2003
Chopper 2003
DC to DC CONVERTER
(CHOPPER)
• General
• Buck converter
• Boost converter
• Buck-Boost converter
• Switched-mode power supply
• Bridge converter
• Notes on electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC) and solutions.
DC supply
(from rectifier-
DC output LOAD
filter, battery,
fuel cell etc.)
Vcontrol
(derived from
feedback circuit)
• APPLICATIONS:
– Switched-mode power supply (SMPS), DC
motor control, battery chargers
Linear regulator
• Transistor is operated
in linear (active)
mode. + VCEce IL
+
• Output voltage Vin
RL Vo
Vo Vin Vce
LINEAR REGULATOR
Po I L 2 RT
or
Po Vce I L
Power Electronics and 3
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Switching Regulator
• Transistor is operated
in switched-mode:
+ Vce IL
– Switch closed:
Fully on (saturated) +
– Switch opened: Vin
RL
Vo
Fully off (cut-off)
SWITCHING REGULATOR
– When switch is open,
no current flow in it IL
– When switch is
closed no voltage SWITCH
+
drop across it. Vin
RL Vo
DT T
S L
+
Vd D C RL
Vo
S iL
+ vL
+
Vd RL Vo
D
vL
• This results in
positive inductor VdVo
voltage, i.e: opened opened
closed closed
t
vL Vd Vo
+ vL -
• Because of inductive
energy storage, iL S iL +
continues to flow. Vd C RL Vo
D
• Diode is forward
biased vL
VdVo
• Current now flows opened opened
(freewheeling) closed closed
vL Vo iLmax
IL
iLmin
(1-D)T
t
DT T
iL
Unstable current
iL Decaying current
iL Steady-state current
Imax
IL iL
Imin
Imax
Imin t
0
Q CV
Q
o Vo
C imax
iL
Use triangle area formula :
iL=IR
1 T i
Q L Vo/R imin
2 2 2
0
TiL iC
8
Ripple voltage (Peak - to peak)0
TiL (1 D)
Vo
8C 8 LCf 2
So, the ripple factor,
V (1 D)
r o
Vo 8 LCf 2
Note : Ripple can be reduced by :
1) Increasing switching frequency
2) Increasing inductor size
3) Increasing capacitor size.
Power Electronics and 12
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Basic design procedures
SWITCH L
Lmin= ?
RL
L = 10Lmin
Vd Po = ?
f=? D
(input C Io = ?
D=? ripple ?
spec.)
TYPE ?
Vd C +
S
RL Vo
CIRCUIT OF BOOST CONVERTER
iL L D
+ vL
Vd +
S C
RL Vo
v L Vd Vd
di
L L v L
CLOSED
dt
t
diL Vd
V d V o
dt L
diL iL iL
i iL
t DT
L
dt
di V
L d
dt L DT T t
V DT
iL closed d
L
Power Electronics and 16
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Switch opened
iL
D
+ vL -
+
Vd C vo
S
-
v L Vd Vo
diL
L Vd
dt
di V Vo vL
L d OPENED
dt L t
diL iL V d V o
dt t
iL iL
iL
(1 D)T
( 1-D )T
t
diL Vd Vo
DT T
dt L
Vd Vo (1 DT )
iL opened
L
Power Electronics and 17
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Steady-state operation
For CCM,
I min 0 Vd
vL
Vd Vd DT
2
0
(1 D ) R 2L
D1 D 2 TR
Lmin VdVo
2 Imax
D1 D 2 R
iL
Imin
2f
V
Q o DT CVo
Imin
R
Io=Vo / R
V DT Vo D
Vo o
RCf RCf ic
Vo D
r
Vo RCf
Q
DT T
Power Electronics and 20
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Examples
• The boost converter has the following parameters: Vd=20V,
D=0.6, R=12.5ohm, L=65uH, C=200uF, fs=40KHz. Determine
(a) output voltage, (b) average, maximum and minimum
inductor current, (c) output voltage ripple.
S
D
+
Vd C
L RL Vo
RL
S D
+ +
Vd iL vL Vo
S D
+ +
Vd iL vL
Vo
iL iL Vd iL
Imin
t DT L
V DT
(iL ) closed d Imax
L iD
Switch opened Imin
di
v L Vo L L Io=Vo / R
dt
diL Vo
i c
dt L
iL iL Vo Q
t (1 D)T L DT T
Vo (1 D)T
(iL ) opened
L
Power Electronics and 23
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Output voltage
Steady state operation :
iL(closed ) iL(opened ) 0
V DT Vo (1 D )T
d 0
L L
Output vol tage :
D
Vo Vs
1 D
Vo 8 LCf 2
(1 D ) R
Lmin
2f
L Boost
D
Vo 1
V + Vd 1 D
C Vo
S Vo D
d
RL Vo RCf
D(1 D) 2 R
Lmin
2f
S Buck Boost
Vo D
D +
V C Vo
Vd 1 D
L RL
d
Vo D
Vo RCf
(1 D) 2 R
Lmin
2f
Power Electronics and 27
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Control of DC-DC converter:
pulse width modulation (PWM)
Vo (desired)
+ Vcontrol Switch control
signal
Vo (actual) Comparator
-
Sawtooth
Waveform Sawtooth
Waveform
Vcontrol 1
Vcontrol 2
Switch
control
ton 2 signal
ton 1
T
• Disadvantages
-Complex design
-EMI problems
• Types of SMPS
-Flyback
-forward
-Push-pull
-Bridge (half and full)
Base/
PWM error
gate
Controller Amp
drive
i1 N1 N2 i2
+ +
Lm Model used for
V1 V2
most PE application
+
C R Vo
Vd LM
iD
iS i1 N1 N2
+
+ + vD
iLM v2 iC iR Vo
v1
Vd
+
+ vSW i2
diLm
v1 Vd Lm
dt
diLm iLm iLm Vd
dt dt DT Lm
iLm
closed
Vd DT
Lm
On the load side of the transform er,
N2 N2
v2 v1 Vd
N1 N1
N
v D Vo Vd 2 0, i.e. diode turned off
N1
Therefore,
i2 0 and i1 0
Power Electronics and 33
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Switch opened
iD
N1 N2
+ +
iLM v1 v2= VS Vo
Vs +
+ vSW
N
v1 Vo 1
N2
But v2 Vo
N N
v1 v2 1 Vo 1
N2 N2
di N
v1 Lm L m Vo 1
dt N2
diL m iL m iL m Vo N1
dt dt 1 D T Lm N 2
V (1 D)T N1
iL m open o
Lm N2
Voltage across the switch :
N
vSW Vd Vo 1
N2
Power Electronics and 34
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Output voltage
Vd DT Vo 1 D T N1
0
Lm Lm N2
D N 2
Vo Vd
1 D N1
Ps P0 Vs
V0 2 v1
Vd I s
R
I s is related to I Lm as : -V(N1 /N2)
Is
I Lm DT
T
I Lm D
iLm
iLM
Solving for I Lm
is
Vd I Lm D
V02
R
t
2
V0
I Lm
Vd DR iD
I Lm can writte n as :
2 iC
Vd D N2
I Lm
2 N
(1 D ) R 1
Vo/ R
V0 N 2
DT T t
(1 D ) R N1
SW1 SW3
Lx
+ + +
NS vx Vo
C R
vp
VS
NS
SW4 SW2
SW1,SW2
DT T
SW3,SW4
T T
DT
VP 2 2
VS
-VS
Vx
N
VS S
NP
DT T T T
DT
2 2
• Output Voltage
Ns
Vo 2Vs D
Np