FROM INDIO TO FILIPINO

Chapter 7 of the History Of the Filipino People by Teodoro Agoncillo,

The Filipinos began to fight the
Spaniards the moment they settled
permanently in 1565 and continued
this resistance to the end of their rule
in 1898 for a total of 333 years. All
these pocket of resistance for various
causes burst into a national struggle
as the Filipinos fought to liberate
themselves from Spanish domination
in the Philippine revolution.
IN THIS CHAPTER, REVOLTS ARE
CATEGORIZED FOR CONVINIENCE;
- PERSONAL, (LED BY FORMER DATUS,
MAGINOOS AND MAHARLIKAS) AND
RELIGIOUS LEADERS
- RESISTANCE TO OPPRESSIVE SPANISH
INTRODUCED ECONOMIC AS WELL AS
RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS
- LAND PROBLEMS
 A. PERSONAL MOTIVES

- Some revolts are personally led by

former barangay datus and
maharlika.

- some reasons of their revolts are

Forced Labor, tributes and over taxes.
 Lakandula and Soliman, 1574
- They are the last’s Manila’s Chieftain
- Their families are exempted from tribute and forced
labor until 1884
- Another benefit is their exclusive right to keep their
name.
- Lakan Dula (or Lakandula) and Soliman, revolted in
1574 because of Lavezares who confiscated the land
properties and tolerated the corrupt encomendero.
 CONSPIRACY OF MAHARLIKAS
- Lead by Agustin de Legazpi, son of Lakandula
and his first cousin, Martin Pangan (Manila and
Bulacan)
- Failed because Antonio Susabau of Calamianes
and Amarlahagi { datu of Bay, Laguna}
revealed the plot to the Spanish authorities
- When the masterminds were caught, they were
beheaded in public as a warning against their
crime, and their heads were spiked for public
exhibition.
- Their houses were plowed and sown with
salt, and all their properties were
sequestered.
- The minor datus were banished to Mexico
{among them were Pitong Gatang, Felipe
Salonga and Dionisio Kapulong} and
swore loyalty by anointing their necks with
a split egg.
PAGANISM AND IDOLATRY
- Spanish friars had converted zealously the Filipinos en
masse, as exemplified by 30 babaylans in bohol who in
1611 smashed their ancestral idols and altars and even
joined the children’s class in cathecism.
- Not all the highly respected shamans surrendered to the
loss, not only of their tangible means of income but also
their time honored personal prestige, in barangay.
- They withdrew the woods before the arrival of the
missionaries who successfully utilized various enticing
conversing methodology
- They found out that the living in the Christianized
reduccion under the peal of the bells was irritating.
TAMBLOT OF BOHOL, 1621-1622

- Tamblot of Bohol was an outlawed babaylan,

employed magic and religion to abandon
Christianity
- he slashed the bamboo and wine gushed forth
and rice emerged; promised that the
“mountains will rise up against the enemies and
if any Indians died, they will be revived”
- was crushed by Juan de Alcarazo, alcalde
mayor of Cebu, and his men.
DATU BANKAW

- Although baptized as a Christian in his youth, he

apostasized in his old age.
- With babaylan Pagali, he built an appropriate
temple to the diwatas and pressed six towns to
rise up in arms.
- Used magic to attract devotees saying that they
could petrify the Spaniards and the woman or
child could easily change the enemies into clay.
- Alcarazo checked the revolt and bankaw’s
severed head was impaled on a bamboo stake.
 DAGOHOY IN BOHOL
- started by Francisco Dagohoy; longest revolt; a cabeza
de barangay

- causes of revolt: forced labor; refusal of Jesuit , Fr. Gaspar

Morales to give Sagarino, his brother, a Christian burial, on
the groud that he died in the duel and had not received
the extreme unction

- Sagarino was a constable in Talibon who was slain while

carrying out the order of the same priest; upon the order
of Fr. Morales, Sagarino’s rotting corpse were exposed for
3 days in front of Inabagan church.
- along with the leaders of Tagbilaran, Baclyon and
Dauis, Dagohoy proclaimed “free Bohol” ; refused
unjust payment of tribute and forced labor.

- however, Dagohoy did not lived to see the ending of

the uprising
Religious Motives: “Gospel, Gold and Glory” a.Miguel
Lanab {NW Cagayan} and Alababan of Capinatan
(Apayao)

- revolted in June 1625, by mutilating and beheading

the Dominicans Fr. Alonzo Garcia.
 RELIGIOUS MOTIVES
The continuous hispanization of the Filipinos throught the
religion was in line with the Spain’s policy. “Gospel, Gold
and Glory”
Various attempts were made to convert other neighboring
unconverted groups by using a newly Christianized
chieftain by using them for being model for the other
barangay members will follow.

- Miguel Lanao ( 1625-1627)

- Tapar (1663)
- Francisco Rivera (1718)
- Ermano Apolinario Dela Cruz (1840-1844)
- “Muslims in the Southern Philippines
- “ Igorots in the Cordillera
 MIGUEL LANAB
- Revolted in June 1625 with Alabanan of Capanitan From
Apayao
- Revolted by mutilating and beheading the Dominicans,
Fr. Alonzo Garcia – cut to pieces and fed the flesh to the
pigs
Bro. Onofre Palao
- Lanab and Alabanan forced the Isnegs to escape with
them in the mountains, set fire to the churches,
desecrate the images and loot properties. As a
consequence, the newly converted Isnegs, voluntarily
forced to turn their backs in the faith and flee to the
mountains.
- In 1626, a Spanish punitive force was
dispatched to check the Isnegs
uprising, a great number of palms
were destroyed by the vindicative
Spaniards to starve the isnegs and
forced them to surrender.
 TAPAR
- Proclaimed himself “ God Almighty , appropriated
catholic terminologies and did not find any need for
Spanish Curates/Church People as he believed that
they had their own pope, priest and bishop, Jesus Christ,
Holy Ghost and Trinity.
- 1663, they slew Fr. Francisco De Mesa, burned the house
and church and fled and fled to the mountain.
- By employing hired spies, the Spaniards captured the
principal teachers
- Their corpses were carried back to the port of Iloilo,
fastened to bamboo poles in Jaluar River.
 FRANCISCO RIVERA
 Like the Magtangaga revolt in Cdo, another religious
uprising in Tuguegarao led by Francisco Rivera,
appropriated for himself the title, Papa Rey(pope & king)
 Deprived the citizens and dependents of the church.
 Gave back to the missionaries the rosaries, ecapularies
and other religious objects.
 Attacked the Spaniards led by the alcalde mayor who
held up in Lal-lo.
 Only few of Rivera’s men responded as his Tuguegarao
believers got tired by his irreligious and despotic rule.
 The uprising was stopped by Juan Pablo Orduna from
Vigan.
 ERMANO APOLINARIO DE LA CRUZ
PHASE I 1814-1841
 Founding of the Cofradia San Jose- founded with Br. Ciriaco de los
Santos centering around the cults of San Francisco and the famous
brown image Our Lady of Peace and voyage of Antipolo.
 5 years later, the confraternity was named Confradia del Sr. San
Jose I voto del Santisimo Rosario and proselytized in Tayabas and
Laguna.
 Apolinario dela Cruz was appointed as principal sponsor and
Octavio Ignacio de San Jorge as promoter, Laguna, Hermano
Mayor.
 The confraternity met monthly in the 19th day honoring St. Joseph’s
day by paying a fee of 1 real ( 12 ½ centavos)
 a incentive any of the member who will bring 12 more new recruits
was entitled to one vote; Apolinario brought 48 entitled him as
Alcalde Mayor.
 Was an ex donee (lay) in San Juan de dios Hospital, even when he
was appointed in the fraternity.
 The restiveness started when it was outlawed by Gov. Marcelino de
Oraa in 1841 and members arrested including its secretary, Octavio
Ignacio de san Jorge.
 Ermano Pule was captured and shot to death, his body was
quartered; his head was hung in front of their house; his 2 hands and
feet were hung inside cages and placed in guardhouse.
PHASE II
 After 20 years, the confraternity was announced in public on
Corpus Cristi by Br. Florentino Tuason.
 In the Lenten season, the members were reunited and built their
church and convent.
-They recruited the apparition of the Virgin of Rosary, Octavio
prescribed new religious rites and promising eternal bliss as a reward in
the life after, abolism of the tribute and freedom.
-Januario Labios, own elected priest.
profeta y pontifice(prophet and Pope)

- Labios, Enriquez, and Cordero initiated the

rebirth Cofradia de San Jose and led the
prayers and excursions to Mt. Banahaw, the
same families had actively partipated
Ermano’s Rule’s revolt in 1841.

The Confradia died out with the capture of

Labios and his adherents in 1871.
RESITANCE TO SPANISH IMPOSED
INSTITUTION
The constitution, taxation, forced labor, galleon
trade and monopolis on tobacco were the
cause of Filipino Revolt,
Magalat
Sumudoy, Caraga Revolts (17th century)
Magtangaga Revolt
Palaris and Silang
Ambaristo (19th century)
1.)Magalat, chief of Tuguegarao
The reason of Cagayanos to revolt is
the illicit/not permitted collection
The revolt stopped when some paid
hirelings of the Spaniards assassinated
him
In eastern Mindanao, another revolt
was made due to unjust collection in
kind
2.)Sumudoy
Juan Ponce Sumudoy, son of babaylan and
datu Pedro Caamug from Catubig, started a
revolt in Bikol region
This was a reaction to Governor Diego Fajardo’s
order of shifting recruitment of the Irksome polo
y servicios personales
However, the revolt was fast by using Christian
Lutawe, Francisco Ugbo and Alonso Macombon
By early july, they reached Sumudoy’s camp,
dragged her mother and threw her over a
precipice, sumudoy’s head was presented to
the alcalde mayor by his two former follower
3.) Magtangaga
- Chief of Malaueg ( Rizal, Cagayan)
- Assisted by chief ot Tuao, Tomas
Sinaguigan, led the itawis on Gaddangs in
the middle of Cagaya areas, mobilizing
3000 men to oust the hated alcalde
mayor
- Magtangaga revolt failed.
4.) Juan Caragay
- Revolted in Dagupan because
the unlawful collection of
tributes and forced labor.
- While successful murdering the
Governor, Caragay was slain
headed by Juan Ramos
5.) Palaris
- Pangasinan experienced economic resistiveness
as a consequence of destructive floods and
poor harvest, which was further aggravated by
alcalde mayor, Joaquin de Gamboa.
- The regular tribute increased by 2 times in spite
of natural disasters forcing farmers to pay more
than normal.
- Juan Dela Cruz Palaris spearheaded a rebellion
against Gamboa, In the end, palaris was
betrayed by his own sister to the town’s
gobernadorcillo and brought to lingayen where
he was hanged.
6.) Silang
- Diego Silang opposed the exaction of the comun,
drafting of polistas and other unscrupulous practices of
the new alcalde mayor, Antonio Zabala.
- Fearing Silang’s threat to Spanish lives, the bishop
ordered Miguel Vicos with Pedro Buecbuec fired a
musket through Silang’s back, several pricipales in the
belief that he was still alive sadistically, stabbed the
already dead body of Silang.
- After the death of silang, alcalde mayor Manuel Arza y
Uruttia initiated the hot pursuit of the remaining rebels
led by his widow, Maria Josefa Gabriella de Silang.
Sebastian Andaya and Miguel Flores
were hanged along the Ilocos Sure
coastline with Gabriella Silang
compelled to watch the slow death
of her faithful soldiers, she was herself
executed last in Vigan, on September
20, 1763
7.) Basi Revolt
- Two monopolized items, tobacco and basi sparked the
revolt
- as an over reaction to the implementation of the
estanco (tobacco monopoly), resistance broke out in
the upper Cagayan.
- 2 kalinga leader Lagutao and Shaman, Baladdon led the
revolt.
- On the last day of March 1785, Lagutao presented
himself to the follwers as their liberator from the Spanish
imposition of the tobacco monopoly.
- As a counter offensive attack, the authorities mustered
300 men, reinforced by 2000 auxiliaries from
bayumbong, bagabag and carig under the command
of Mateo Cabal, who pursued Lagutao’s party and in
struggle killed the leader
8.) Estanco Revolt
- Lt. Andres Magtanong and Sub-Lt.
Francisco Malibiran killed the
teniente visitador and the tobacco
guards as the reaction to the
introduction of Estanco.
- Their familie’s properties were
confiscated, they mutineers
themselves were hanged, their
bodies quartered and their heads put
on a stakes for public display.
9.) Ambarasito
- Some Ilocano Military defectors who
escaped form Vigan staged an armed
revolt in July, against the oppressive
monopoly of spirituous liquors.
- After the bravest right hand man of the
leader, Pedro Mateo, the revolt failed, with
the rebels summarily hanged and their
bodies mutilated.
- Spirituous liquors and other government
items and games were enjoyed by most
Filipinos especially the clase pobre.
 PEASANT UNREST ,1745
- Tagalog regions were marked by peasant unrest which
started in the hacienda towns of silang in Cavite,
spreading blood to the rice growing provinces nearby.
- Led by the principals of Silang under Joseph De la Vega,
Francisco Santos de Medina, Ignacio Marcelo, Julio
Lopez de Montoya, Andres Pulido and Francisco
Gonzales, they assaulted the controversial hacienda
and razed the granaries and houses to the ground in
Latag and Lantic.
- The revolt spread as far as meycauayan in bulacan and
batangas.
However, the tagalog rebellion FAILED and the leaders
either put to death or banished.
1.) PARANG AND UPAY , 1822
- Another revolt broke out once again in the hacienda
towns of cavite headed by Luis de los Santos(parang)
and Juan Silvestre(upay).
- 48 Farmers tagged as a reunion of bandits joined up
and the unrest spread to the rice and sugar producing.
- Continuation of a farmer struggle 80 years back
- What aggravated the already intense situation were
forced labor and exaction of tribute in the form of
firewood for use in the Imus church construction.
- Parang and Upay temporarily surrendered to authorities
through amnesty in 1828 but resumed their uprising in the
1830, Parang finally met his death by execution in 1835
2.) EL TULISAN, MID 1860

- Cavite experienced another resurgence of

agrarian trouble against the land abuses of the
friars, with Casimiro Camerino labeled El Tulisan
by the Spaniards. He was warmly supported by
the cavitenos who knew the reason for his
defiance.
- 1869, personally granted amnesty at the Imus
Hacienda by Gov. Carlos Maria de la Torre.
- He was executed by the use of Garrote Vil
(replaced death by hanging in 1832)
MORO RESISTANCE
- From 1718 to 1762 and from 1850 to 1878
- It started when the reestablishment of Fort Pilar
in Zamboanga in 1750.
- The Spaniards failed miserably to subjugate the
Moros in the 1750.
- Thousands of Christians were captured during
the Moro raids, resulting in the decimation of
population in the Visayas.
- Retaliation for Spanish acts of reducing Moro
captives to slavery and razing their homs,
landed and personal properties to the ground
- The British capture of Manila in 1762 and
the pockets of resistance in Luzon and the
Visayas reduced Spanish attention to
Mindanao and Sulu
- 1876, Jolo had surrendered to spain and
the Moro Wars were carried out mainly
through the Juramentado or Sabil Allah
ritual
FAILURE OF THE REVOLTS
All the earlier resistance which occurred almost
in the cyclical pattern were failures. Because of
the insular make up of the Philippines, the early
Filipinos were conditioned to live and feel apart
form each other for almost 333 years.
As a consequence, there was a wide
communication gap between the Filipinos of
Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao, there were a
multitude of major and minor ethnolinguistic
groups but no lingua franca, much less a
national language to communicate with one
another.
The Spanish bureaucrats, spearheaded by
the friars deliberately refused to teach
and promote their language. They simply
reasoned out that there was a lack of
language materials as grammars and
vocabularies, lack of teaching strategy for
an alien tongue and above all, lack of
qualified teachers of language.