DEFICIENCY

AND
TOXICITY
BY: RHODEVA JOY T. BRAGA, RN, MANc
CARBOHYDRATES
Hypo and

hyperglycemia

Ketosis
 HYPOGLYCEMIA HYPERGLYCEMIA
Condition Very low sugar Very high sugar
Age most common in people who use insulin or
take certain tablets to reduce high blood
sugar.
Diet/ inject the hormone glucagon insulin
Treatment d5050
Signs and  Racing pulse  Extreme thirst, drinking a lot and
then urinating frequently as a
symptoms  Cold sweats
result
 Pale face  Unintentionally losing a lot of
 Headache weight within a few weeks
 Feeling incredibly hungry  Noticeable loss of energy with
muscle weakness, tiredness and
 Shivering, feeling weak in the knees
generally feeling quite unwell
 Feeling restless, nervous or anxious  Nausea and stomach ache
 Difficulty concentrating, confusion  Trouble seeing
 Poor concentration
 Frequent infections (cystitis,
thrush)
 Confusion and drowsiness, or even
coma

Diagnostic RBS RBS, HBA1c

KETOSIS
• a metabolic state characterized by raised levels of ketone
bodies in the body tissues, which is typically pathological
in conditions such as diabetes, or may be the consequence
of a diet that is very low in carbohydrates.
KETOSIS
• For healthy people who don't have diabetes
and aren't pregnant, ketosis usually kicks
in after 3 or 4 days of eating less than
50 grams of carbohydrates per day.
That's about 3 slices of bread, a cup of
low-fat fruit yogurt, or two small
bananas. You can start ketosis by fasting,
too.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Bad Breath
Weight Loss
Increased Ketones in the Blood
Increased Ketones in the Breath or Urine
Appetite Suppression
Increased Focus and Energy
Short-Term Fatigue
Short-Term Decreases in Performance
Insomnia
HUNGER HORMONES
• Insulin- is also the main fat storage hormone in the body. It tells fat cells to
store fat, and prevents stored fat from being broken down.
• Leptin- It's considered a "satiety hormone" that reduces appetite and makes you
feel full.
• Ghrelin- known as a "hunger hormone."
• Cortisol- It's known as a "stress hormone" because it's released when your body
senses stress.
• Estrogen- To maintain fertility during the reproductive years, estrogen starts
promoting fat storage at puberty
• Neuropeptide Y- It stimulates appetite, particularly for carbohydrates, and is
highest during periods of fasting or food deprivation
• Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 plays a major role in keeping blood sugar levels
stable, and also makes you feel full.
PROTEIN
Kwashiorkor

Marasmus
 Fatty Prominent
EDEMA liver ribs

Verocious 6 mo-
eater 3yrs
FATS
 DEFICIENCY TOXICITY
Fatty acids Dry scaly skin Polyunsaturated Cancer
Liver abnormalities fats
Poor wound healing
Growth failure in
infants
Impaired vision and
hearing

Linoleic acids Skin rash LDL Atherosclerosis-

Dermatitis blood
Hair loss vessels+hardening
Alpha linolenic acid Neurologic Heart disease
abnormalities Increased
Poor growth cholesterol
Stroke