Steels

Team
SET 102 Ved Vadake

SET Virendra Avhad

SET Shubham Patil

Agenda
01. Introduction
02. Classifications of Steels.
03. Heat treatment of steel
04. Applications
 1. Alloys of Iron and Carbon that contains up to
2.00 wt% C are classified as steels while those
containing over 2.00 wt% C are classified as

Introduction Cast Irons.

2. Steels are the most complex and widely used
engineering materials because of: The

To abundance of Iron in the earth crust The

high melting temperature of Iron(1534⁰C).
3. A range of mechanical properties can be

Steels obtained.
4. Associated microstructures can be produced
by solid state phase transformation by
varying cooling rates from austenitic
conditions.
 IRON
CARBIDE
DIAGRAM
 Manufacturing
Compositions methods

Classifications
of
Steels
Microstructure The Heat
Treatment
 LOW CARBON

LOW ALLOY

MEDIUM CARBON
STEEL

HIGH CARBON

HIGH ALLOY

HIGH ALLOY

STAINLESS STEEL
 Specification of
steels
India Standard Designated system(ISDS)

American Indian Steel Institute(AISI)/Society of Automotive Engineers

British Standard Designated System

Low Carbon Steels

General Properties Applications

Contain less than about 1. Soft Steel,Malleable 1. Connecting rod
0.30 wt% C. Produced in Steel,Ductile. 2. Gears
2. It is easily forged and
the greatest quantities .
Welded,machinable
3. Valves
3. Tensile Strength is better 4. Railway axle
than cast iron,wrought
iron
4. Tougher and more elastic
than wrought iron
Medium Carbon Steels

General Properties Applications

Carbon concentrations 1. Not so ductile and 1. Bolts and nuts
between about 0.30 and malleable 2. Rifle barrels
0.60 wt%. May be heat 2. Stronger than low 3. Gun parts
treated by austenitizing, carbon Steel 4. Turbine
quenching, and then 3. They are also called as 5. Pinions
tempering to improve machinery steel 6. Rail
their mechanical
properties.
High Carbon Steels

General Properties Applications

Normally having carbon 1. They are very hard 1. Hammer
contents between 0.60 2. Cannot be weirded 2. Drills
and1.0 wt%, They are and forged 3. Vice jaws
almost always used in a 3. They are called as tool 4. Chisels.
hardened and tempered steel
condition 4. They are difficult to
machine
Tool steels

General Properties Applications

Tool steels are a family 1. Toughness 1. Blanking and
carbon and alloy steels 2. Wear resistance forming punches
having distinct 3. Heat resistance 2. Trimming dies
characteristics such as 3. Thread rolling dies,
hardness, wear resistance, 4. Injection molding
toughness, and resistance dies.
to softening at elevated
temperatures.
Heat Treatment of
Steels
Steels can exhibit a wide variety of
properties depending on composition as
well as the phases and micro-constituents
present, which can be achieved by heat
treatment.
Various heat treatments process used for
steels are following :
1. Annealing
2. Normalizing
3. Tempering
4. Carburizing
Annealing
Annealing is a heat treatment process which alters
the microstructure of a material to change its
mechanical or electrical properties.

Typically, in steels, annealing is used to reduce

hardness, increase ductility and help eliminate
internal stresses.

Annealing is a generic term and may refer to

subcritical, intermediate or full annealing in a
variety of atmospheres.
 Normalizing
1. Normalising aims to give the steel a uniform and
fine-grained structure.
2. The process is used to obtain a predictable
microstructure and an assurance of the steel
mechanical properties.
3. After forging, hot rolling or casting a steel
microstructure is often non homogeneous consisting
of large grains, and unwanted structural
components such as bainite and carbides.
4. Such a microstructure has a negative impact on the
steel mechanical properties as well as on the
machinability.
5. Through normalising, the steel can obtain a more
fine-grained homogeneous structure with
predictable properties and machinability.
Tempering
1. Tempering, in metallurgy, process of improving the
characteristics of a metal, especially steel, by
heating it to a high temperature, though below the
melting point, then cooling it, usually in air.
2. The process has the effect of toughening by
lessening brittleness and reducing internal stresses.
3. Suitable temperatures for tempering vary
considerably, depending on the type of steel and
designed application; for tool steels, the hardness of
which must be retained, the range is usually from
200° to 250° C (400° to 500° F). The term is also
used for hardening by cold-working, as in drawing
wire or rolling sheet steel.
Carburizing
1. Surface hardening method for low carbon steel
2. Temperature range is 900-930 ⁰ C.
3. Carbon diffused by heating above transformation
temperature .
4. Carbon layer is enriched 0.7-0.9 %.
5. C is absorbed in solid solution in austenite
 Steel applications can be divided into
five sectors:
1. Construction
Applications 2.
3.
Transport
Energ
4. Packaging
5. Appliances and Industry
Steel can also be found in:
1. low and high-rise buildings
2. education and hospital buildings
3. sports stadiums, stations
4. reinforced concrete
5. bridge deck plates

Construction
6. piers and suspension cables
7. harbors
8. cladding and roofing
9. offices
10. Tunnels
11. security fencing
12. coastal and flood defenses
 Steel is found in transport materials
such as:

1. trucks
2. transmissions
3. trains

Trasnsport 4.
5.
rails
ships
6. anchor chains
7. aircraft undercarriages
8. jet engines components
Energy projects rely on large amounts
of steel:
1. Oil and gas wells and platforms
2. pipelines
3. electricity power turbine components
4. electricity pylons

Energy
5. wind turbines
6. transmission towers
7. electromagnets
8. transformer cores
9. electromagnetic shields
Thanks!