INTRODUCTION

Name:- Aadhya Gupta

Reg No:- 1210
Batch:- AE-12
INTERNSHIP PRESENTATION ON ADVANCED LIGHT HELICOPTER(ALH)
 WHAT IS A HELICOPTER?

• Helicopter is a rotor craft in which the lift and thrust is produced by rotors.
• This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically to hover and fly
forward, backward and laterally.
• Helicopter uses VTOL(Vertical Take-Off and Landing).
• There are 4 types of helicopter: Army, Coast Guard, Navy, Airforce.
• According to max take-off weight they are classified as- light weight(upto
3 tons), medium weight(3-10 tons), heavy weight(above 10 tons).
 BLADES OF HELICOPTER

• There are total of 3 or 4 blades .

• These blades are covered with coloured tapes for identification during damage and for
stability.
• These colours are:
1. Yellow- indicates heaviest blade and is in front during manufacturing.
2. Green- opposite to red.
3. Blue- opposite to yellow.
4. Red- indicates lightest blade.
 Control Flight Operations of Helicopter
A typical helicopter has three flight control
inputs:
1. Cyclic control (cyclic stick)- The cyclic is
used to control the main rotor in order to
change the helicopter's direction of
movement. In a hover, the cyclic controls the
movement of the helicopter forward, back,
and laterally.
2. Collective control- The collective changes
the pitch angle of all the main rotor blades
collectively.
3. Anti-torque pedals- they control the
direction that the nose of the aircraft points.
 ADVANCED LIGHT HELICOPTER(ALH)

• An example of ALH is DHRUV.

• Dhruv is a utility helicopter
developed and manufactured by
India's Hindustan Aeronautics
Limited(HAL). It is designed to
meet the requirement of both
military and civil operators.
• It is a twin engine, multi-role,
multi-mission new generation
helicopter produced in wheeled
and skid version.
 MAJOR VERSIONS OF ALH

1. Mark I- The initial configuration

with a conventional cockpit with
mechanical gauges. A total of 56
has been delivered to Indian
military. It has twin engines, 4
gear box and 2 hydraulic
packages.
2. Mark II- Similar to the MK I,
except has the newer glass
cockpit. A total of 20 have been
delivered to the Indian military.
 MAJOR VERSIONS OF ALH

3. Mark III- It is equipped with Shakti

engines, new electronic warfare (EW)
suite , warning systems and improved
vibration control system. The first
batch were inducted into service in
2012.
4. Mark IV- Same as mark III. Has
weapon system, laser system, radar
system, camera system, infrared
jammer, obstacle avoidance system.
Also known as Dhruv-WSI (Weapons
System Integrated) or HAL Rudra.
 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A HELICOPTER

• The airframe of a helicopter is made

of 80% composite and 20% metal.
• The airframe structure consists of :
The cabin, the doors, the emergency
windows, the main rotor system, the
tail rotor system, the tail bumper, the
empennage and the landing gears.
• Main Rotor System: The rotor system
is the rotating part of a helicopter
which generates lift. The rotor consists
of a mast, hub, and rotor blades.
 SWASH PLATE ASSEMBLY
• Main rotor system consists of swash plate
assembly which controls the blade pitch.
• It transmits control input from collective
and cyclic controls to main rotor blades.
• It consists of two parts: stationary swash
plate and rotor swash plate.
• The stationary swash plate is mounted
around the main rotor mast and connected
to the cyclic and collective controls by a
series of pushrods.
• The rotating swash plate is mounted to the
stationary swash plate.
 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OF A
HELICOPTER
• The transmission system of a helicopter consists of:
1. Main Gear Box.
2. Auxiliary Gear Box.
3. Intermediate Gear Box.
4. Tail Rotor Gear Box.
5. Anti- Resonance Transmission System(ARIS): The function of ARIS is to isolate
the fuselage from the rotor-induced vibrations. Four units of ARIS are installed at
±45˚ position between the MGB and the fuselage.
 FORCES ON A HELICOPTER
 Once a helicopter leaves the ground, it is acted upon by four aerodynamic
forces: thrust, drag, lift and weight.
 AUTO ROTATION SYSTEM
• Auto Rotation System is used to rotate blades with help of air in case of engine shut
down.
• It is used for safe landing of the helicopter.
• It reduces the speed of helicopter and have nose-up of helicopter to land safely and
slowly.
 POWER PLANT OF A HELICOPTER
• The power plant of a helicopter consists of engine and propeller.
• Reciprocating engines, are generally used in smaller helicopters. Most training
helicopters use reciprocating engines.
• Turbine engines are more powerful and are used in a wide variety of helicopters. They
produce a tremendous amount of power for their size but are generally more
expensive to operate.
• In most applications, the exhaust outlets simply release expended gases and do not
contribute to the forward motion of the helicopter. Approx. 75% of the incoming
airflow is used to cool the engine.
 TURBINE ENGINE
• The gas turbine engine mounted on most helicopters is made up of:
1. Compressor-draws filtered air into the chamber and compresses it.
2. Combustion Chamber-The compressed air is directed to the combustion section through discharge
tubes where atomized fuel is injected into it. The fuel/air mixture is ignited and allowed to expand.
3. Turbine-The combustion gas is then forced through a series of turbine wheels causing them to turn.
These turbine wheels provide power to both the engine compressor and the accessory gearbox.
4. Accessory Gearbox Assembly- It houses all of the necessary gears to drive the numerous
components of the helicopter. Power is provided to the accessory gearbox through the independent
shafts connected to the turbine wheels.
 ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
Model - TM-333
Version - 2B2
Power output - 801 KW
Length - 1045 mm
Breadth - 450 mm
Weight - 116.6 Kg
Output shaft speed - 6000 rpm
Gas generator speed - 45000 rpm
Power turbine speed - 37562 rpm
Operating altitude - (-500) to 7000m
Operating temperature - (-50) ˚c to 50˚c
Fuel used - ATF (-K50)
Oil used - MIL-L-23699
 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

 There are two independent hydraulic system, referred as system 1

and system 2, which constitute power supply simultaneously to three
main rotor actuators:
1. Collective Actuator
2. Roll Actuator
3. Pitch Actuator
4. Yaw Actuator
 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
• Hydraulic pump which generates hydraulic power.
• Hydraulic package(reservoir) that stores hydraulic
fluid and also monitor and control the delivery of
fluid to the actuators.
• Hydraulic servo actuator that transfers the
hydraulic power into mechanical force and
displace as required.
• Hydraulic tube and hose assembly- The hydraulic
pump and package are interconnected by flexible
Teflon (PTFE) hose assembly.
• A solenoid valve and a check valve prevents the
loss of hydraulic fluid in case of damage to the
hydraulic lines in the tail boom.
 FUEL SYSTEM

• The main function of a fuel system is to supply the fuel

continuously to both the engines of the helicopter.
• There are 3 main tanks(front, main, rear) and 2 supply
tanks and each has a fuel pump, fuel gauge and water
drain valve.
• The fuel system consists of pumps, valves and injectors.
• There are 3 kinds of pumps- booster/prime pump, low
pressure(LP) pump, high pressure(HP) pump.
• There are two kinds of valves- start electro valve and
stop electro valve.
• The injectors are starting injectors and main injectors.
• Vent system has been provided to keep the tanks
unpressured under all operating conditions
 Fuel from Low
fuel pipe pressure Filters
pump

Start High
Injector electro pressure
valve pump
 AVIONICS AND MISCELLANEOUS
SYSTEMS
1. HF communication system: It provides long distance communication in
between air to air, air to ground and ground to ground two-way
communication in air-borne planforms. Its signal strength is weak. Antenna
is placed at the tail of the helicopter. It covers upto 800-1000Km distance.
2. U/VHF communication system: It provides short distance communication
between air to air, air to ground and ground to ground two-way
communication in air-borne platforms. It covers upto 200-300Km distance.
Here the signal strength is strong.
 AVIONICS AND MISCELLANEOUS
SYSTEMS
3. IFF(Identification of Friend or Foe) system- The main purpose is to distinguish
the friendly aircraft from the hostile aircraft.
4. ELT system - The main purpose of this system is to aid in locating the crashed
aircraft fitted with ELT(Emergency Locator Transmitter) for search and rescue
operations.
5. Weather radar- The main purpose of the system is to detect the weather condition
for safe driving of the helicopter, it transmits and receive the signal to detect any
obstacle present in the way of the helicopter. This radar is placed at the front
position of the cockpit.
 AVIONICS AND MISCELLANEOUS
SYSTEMS
6. Radio altimeter - The main function of this system is to provide immediate height from the
terrain over which helicopter is flying.
7. MADRAS CVDR (Modular Airborne Data Recording/Acquisition System for Cockpit Voice
and Data Recorder) system- MADRAS CVDR is a solid state, crash survivable flight
recorder LRU (Line Replaceable Unit). It is also called as black box.
8. Automatic direction finder (ADF) – it is used to indicate the direction of arrival of EM
waves, i.e., Non-Directional Beacons (NDBs).
9. AFCS(Automatic Flight Control System)- It is designed to improve the handling qualities of
the helicopter and to reduce the pilot workload. It consists of Automatic Flight Control
Computer (AFCC).
 INSTRUMENT PANEL

• They are in a basic ‘T’ configuration.

• The instrument panel is inclined to vertical plane by 15˚ (to minimize the parallax
error).
• Fire control panel is located on the top of the instrument panel
• The Centralized Warning Panel (CWP) is located at the lower centre of the instrument
panel. The two master waring lights are on the top of the panel for each pilot.
• Critical system instruments are duplicated( one for pilot and other for co-pilot).
• Engine and miscellaneous instrument have only one set at the center
 INSTRUMENT PANEL

• Instrument panels are provided with glare sheets to avoid glare by direct sunlight.
• All measuring instruments have built in lightning system.
• Dimension of instrument panel are
1. Height – 445mm
2. Width – 1180mm
3. Depth – 360mm
• Range mark on warning panel:
Green- normal
Yellow- upper and lower caution limit
Red- upper and lower warning limit
DIFFERENT INDICATORS IN INSTRUMENT PANEL

1. Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)

2. Air Speed Indicator (ASI)
3. Engine limit indicator
4. Fuel display unit
5. Fire control panel
6. MGB oil temperature and pressure
indicator
7. AGB hydraulic pressure indicator
8. Gyro horizon/ gyroscope
9. Master warning light
10. Barometer
 ROLES OF HELICOPTER

• Aerial fire fighting- for forest fires. It has buckets of 1000L capacity.
• Air ambulance- to carry patients. It has stretcher, oxygen facility, etc.
• Casualty evacuation- used during fire/flood or in accident areas.
• Rescue operation- uses hovering facility for rescue.
• Aerial combat- it is fitted with guns, missiles, rockets used during fighting.
• Slithering- used by army/air force to drop/pick commands in remote areas by ropes.
• Aerial photography, etc.
 ADVANTAGES OF HELICOPTER

• No runway required.
• Can fly forward, sideways, rearward.
• Ability to hover at a given place and altitude.
• Ability to land without engine power(when engine fails)
 DIS-ADVANTAGES OF HELICOPTER

• Limitation of size and capacity- max all up weight (APW) is 56 tons for
MI-26.
• Limited speed- max speed is 315kmph of CHINOOK except eurocopter
X3 whose max speed is 487kmph during dive.
• It can fly efficiently upto limited altitude( 15000 ft). Above this its
efficiency decreases.
• Vibrations are produced.
 MAINTENANCE CONCEPTS

• These are the checks to be performed and are given by manufacturer. These
include:
1. First Flight Servicing(FFS) or Before Flight Servicing(BFS)- carried out
before flight and is valid for 24 hours.
2. Turn Around Servicing(TRS)- carried out in between flights as and when the
aircraft lands and if further flight is planned. Example: refuelling, etc.
3. Last Flight Servicing(LFS)- carried out at the end of flight and when no
further flights are planned. It is valid for 24 hours.
 MAINTENANCE CONCEPTS

4. Scheduled Servicing- carried out at certain intervals based on flight

hours(50 hrs, 100 hrs , etc) or at intervals based on calendar life(weekly,
monthly, quarterly, yearly).
5. Unscheduled Servicing- carried out as and when required and not on
hours or calendar basis. It normally includes removal and inspection of
LRU’s (Line Replaceable Units) when they are getting unserviceable.
6. Overhauling- in depth maintenance.
Presented by:- Aadhya
Gupta THANK
YOU