PUMPS

Definition of Terms:
 Pump – a machine used to add energy to a liquid in order transfer the
liquid from one point to another point of higher energy level
 Aquifers – deep ground of water deposits where underground water
are available for water supply and irrigation
 Hydraulic Gradient – the locus of the elevation which water will rise in
a piezometer tube.
Types of Pumps
1. Reciprocating Pumps
A. Low discharge, high head, self priming, up to 5ft suction lift, positive
displacement pumps
a. Piston type
b. Plunger type
c. Bellows or diaphragm
B. This is commonly used as Boiler Feed Pump for steam.
C. Reciprocating pumps can be single acting or double acting.
D. They can be simplex, duplex, triplex etc.
E. Air chamber – is to smoothen the flow due to the nature of flow of liquid.
This can be placed on the suction side or discharge side of piping
installation.
F. Relief valve – this should be installed on the discharge side between pump
and any other valve
G. Foot valve – should be installed at the end of the suction pipe.
H. All losses of capacity given in percentage of the displacement are referred
to as slip (1-ev).
I. In new pumps, the slippage is within 2%.
Types of Pumps
2. Centrifugal pump
A. High discharge, low head, not self priming
a. Radial flow – used for single and double suction
b. Axial flow – acting like compressors
c. Mixed flow
B. Centrifugal pump is use to convert kinetic energy into pressure energy
through diffuser vanes.
C. Specific speed – is defined as that speed in rpm at which a given
impeller would operate to deliver 1 GPM against a total dynamic head of 1
foot. Specific speed is constant and is given by the manufacturer.
D. Impellers for higher heads usually have low specific speeds. Impellers
for lower heads usually have higher specific speeds.
E. For double suction pumps the Q value is determined by dividing the
given capacity by 2.
Types of Pumps
3. Rotary Pumps
Positive displacement pumps, low discharge, low head
a. vanes
b. screws
c. lobes
d. gear
e. cam and position
f. shuttle block type
4. Kinetic Pumps
Transform fluid kinetic energy to fluid static pressure energy
a. Jet Pumps
b. Ejector Pumps
Types of Pumps
5. Deep well pumps
a. Turbine Pumps – for high suction lift up to 305 m
b. Plunger Pumps – are refinement of the old hand pumps that have
played such an important role in country-home and small town water supply
from wells. This is best suited where the lifts is 7.6 m or over and capacities
up to 190 liters per minute.
c. Ejector – Centrifugal pump. A type of deep well that has come into
wide use for small capacities combines a single-stage centrifugal pump at
the top of the well and an ejector or jet located down in the water.
d. Air lifts – another method of pumping wells is by compressed air being
admitted to the well to lift the water to the surface.
Formula:
1. Volume Flow Rate of Water, Q
Q=Axv v = Q/A
2. Pressure Head (hp)
hp = P/W where P = pressure and w = density of water
3. Velocity Head (hv)
hv = v2/2g where: v = velocity of water
g = 9.81 m/sec2 = 32.2 ft/sec2
4. Total Head of Pump (h)
h = (hpd-hps) + (hvd-hvs) + (zd + zs) + (hfs +hfd)
Where: zs is negative if source is below pump center line
Ps is negative if it is vacuum
5. Water Power, Pw
Pw = Qwh, KW
6. Pump Efficiency (np)
np = Water Power/ Brake Power
7. Head as determined from two pressure readings
H = (Pd – Ps)/w + vd2 –vs2/2g + z
Where: Ps = is negative if vacuum
8. Friction Head (hf)
a. Darcy’s equation
hf = fLv2/2gD
b. Morse Equation
hf = 2fLv2/gD
Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps
9. Specific Speed (Ns)
Ns = N√Q/h3/4
Where:
N = speed, rpm
Q = discharge, gpm
H = head, ft
10. Similar Pumps:
a. N1√Q1/h3/4 = N2√Q2/h3/4
b. Q1/N1D13 = Q2/N2D23
11. For the same pump:
a. Constant Impeller Diameter, Variable Speed
Q1/Q2 = N1/N2 h1/h2 = (N1/N2)2 P1/P2 = (N1/N2)3
b. Constant Speed Variable Impeller Diameter
Q1/Q2 = D1/D2 h1/h2 = (D1/D2)2 P1/P2 = (D1/D2)3
c. Constant Speed Variable fluid density
Q1/Q2 = w1/w2 h1/h2 = w1/w2 P1/P2 = w1/w2
Characteristics of Reciprocating Pumps
1. Piston Displacement
a. Piston Rod Neglected
Vd = 2(∏/4)(D2)(LN)
b. Piston Rod Considered
Vd = ∏/4 (D2)(LN) + ∏/4 (D2-d2) (LN)
2. Slip = Vd – Q
3. % slip = Vd-Q/Vd x 100%
4. Nv = volumetric efficiency
nv = Q/Vd
5. Nv = 1-slip
Board Problems
1. A double suction centrifugal pumps delivers 70 ft3/sec of water at a
head of 12m and running at 1250 rpm. What is the specific speed of
the pump?
2. The pump centerline of a centrifugal pump is located 2.5m above
from the high tide level. The sea water varies two meters from high
tide to low tide level. If friction loss at the suction is 0.8m, determine
the total suction head.
Seatwork
1. A centrifugal pump requires 40 ft head to deliver water from low level to
higher level. If pump speed is 1600 rpm, determine the impeller diameter
of the centrifugal pump.
2. The suction pressure of a pump reads 2 in. of mercury vacuum and
discharge pressure reads 130 psi is use to deliver 100 gpm of water with
specific volume of 0.0163ft3/lb. Determine the pump work.
3. A pump is to deliver 150 gpm of water at a head of 120 m. If pump
efficiency is 70%, what is the horsepower rating of motor required to drive
the pump?
4. A motor is used to drive a pump having an efficiency of 85% and 70%
respectively. What is the combined efficiency of pump and motor?
5. In a boiler feed pump, the enthalpy at the entrance is 765 KJ/kg. If pump
has a head of 900 m, what is the exit enthalpy of the pump?