IDENTIFYING TOPIC,

MAIN IDEA
& SUPPORTING DETAIL
 The Topic is broad, general theme, or message.
Main Idea is the important point being expressed.
Supporting Details means the sentences that support main idea
whether how, what, why, when, etc.

• Knowing the topic, main idea, and supporting details helps us to understand
the messages that writer wants to express.
• Understanding the relationship between main idea and topic makes you
master the reading comprehension.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE &
PAST PERFECT TENSE
 Simple Past Tense
• The simple past is a verb tense that is used to talk about things that
happened or existed before now.
• The simple past tense shows that you are talking about something that has
already happened. Unlike the past continuous tense, which is used to talk
about past events that happened over a period of time, the simple past
tense emphasizes that the action is finished.
• You can also use the simple past to talk about a past state of being, such as
the way someone felt about something. This is often expressed with the
simple past tense of the verb to be and an adjective, noun, or prepositional
phrase.
 FORM OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE

• POSITIVE
SUBJECT + Past Verb (V2) + Complement (Object, Adverbial).

• NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + DID NOT + Verb (V1) + Complement (Object, Adverbial).
• INTROGATIVE
Did + SUBJECT + Verb (V1) + Complement (Object, Adverbial)?
 Form Simple Past without Verb

• SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + Noun/Adjective/Adverbial.

• SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + not + Noun/Adjective/adverbial.
• WAS/WERE + SUBJECT + Noun/Adjective/adverbial?
 PAST PERFECT

• The time expressions already, for, since, and yet may be used in the past
perfect, as they are in the present perfect simple.
• The past perfect is used to describe one action that happened before
another action in the past. In many cases a complete sentence is written in
two parts with two different tenses
• Sometimes the past perfect is used on its own and the action that took
place afterwards is understood.
 PAST PERFECT

• POSITIVE
SUBJECT + HAD + past participle (V3) + Complement (Object, Adverbial).

• NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + HAD not + past participle (V3) + Complement (Object, Adverbial).
• INTROGATIVE
Had + SUBJECT + Past Participle (V3) + Complement (Object, Adverbial)?
 Past Perfect Without Verb

• POSITIVE
SUBJECT + HAD + been+ Adjective/Noun + Adverbial.

• NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + HAD not + been+ Adjective/Noun + Adverbial.

• INTROGATIVE
Had + SUBJECT + been+ Adjective/Noun+ Adverbial?
 Try it! Whether it uses Simple Past or Past Perfect!
1. After the company _____Joe, he ______ to work on his first project. (hire/begin)
2. _____you _______ the news before you ____ it on TV? (hear/see)
3. Michael didn’t want to see the movie because he _______ the book yet. (not read)
4. The concert ______ already _______when we _______ the stadium. (begin/ enter)
5. Until Anne ________ Mark, she ____ never ______in love. (meet, be)
6. Bill __________ for years before he finally _______. (smoke/ quit)
7. _______ Sara ever _______to London by herself before then? (drive)
8. How many fish ______ the boys _____ by the time it ______ raining? (catch/start)
9. You ________ them to go to the beach, hadn’t you? (forbid)
10.The girls _______ in weeks? That’s why they ______ so much afterwards.
(exercise / hurt)
 Understanding Me
1. After the company had hired Joe, he began to work on his first project.
(hire/begin)
2. Had you hear the news before you saw it on TV? (hear)
3. Michael didn’t want to see the movie because he had not read the book yet. (not
read)
4. The concert had already begun when we entered the stadium. (begin/ enter)
5. Until Anne met Mark, she had never been in love. (meet, be)
6. Bill had smoked for years before he finally quit. (smoke/ quit)
7. had Sara ever driven to London by herself before then? (drive)
8. How many fish had the boys caught by the time it started raining? (catch/start)
9. You had forbidden them to go to the beach, hadn’t you? (forbid)
10.The girls had exercised in weeks? That’s why they hurt so much afterwards.
(exercise / hurt)
 DIRECT
& INDIRECT SENTENCES
 Direct: The message of the speaker is conveyed or reported in his
own actual words without any change.
Indirect: The message of the speaker is conveyed or reported in our
own words.

1. He says, “I am unwell.” (Present) 1. He says he is unwell.

2. He said, “I am unwell.” (past)
3. They said, “We cannot live without water.” (Fact)
4. "I am happy", she said. (present)
5. She said, "He has finished his food“. (Present perfect)
6. He said, “Ira arrived on Monday.“ (Past)
7. "We were living in Goa", they told me. (Past Cont)
8. He said, "I can swim.“ (Modal)
9. He said, “Will you come for the meeting?” (?)
10.Rafique said to Ahmed, “Go away.” (!)
11.She said, “My father came yesterday.” (time)
2. He said that he was unwell.
3. They said that we cannot live without water.
4. She said that she was happy.
5. She said that he had finished his food.
6. He said that Ira had arrived on Monday.
7. They told me that they had been living in Goa.
8. He said that he could swim.
9. He asked them whether they would come for the
meeting.
10.Rafique ordered Ahmed to go away.
11.She said that her father had come the day before.
 Try It!

1. "I have been to Gujarat", he told me.

2. She said, "I will be using the car next Friday.”
3. He said, "I have to work hard.”
4. “Where do you live?” asked the girl.
5. He said to her, “Please wait.”
6. He said: "My mother is here."
 Who got it RIGHT?!

1. "I have been to Gujarat", he told me.

1. He told me that he had been to Gujarat.
2. She said, "I will be using the car next Friday.”
2. She said that she would be using the car the
following Friday.
3. He said, "I have to work hard.”
3. He said that he had to work hard.
4. “Where do you live?” asked the girl.
4. The girl enquired where I lived.
5. He said to her, “Please wait.”
5. He requested her to wait.
6. He said: "My mother is here."
6. He said that his mother was there.
Direct speech Indirect speech
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
here there, in
Starbucks now then, at that time
this that today that day, on Sunday, yesterday
this book the book, that tonight that night, last night, on Sunday night
book, War and
tomorrow the next day/ the following day, on
Peace
Sunday, today
in this room in the room, in yesterday the day before/ the previous day, on
that room, in the Sunday
kitchen
last night the night before/ the previous night, on
Sunday night
this week that week, last week
last month the month before/ the previous month,
in May
next year the following year, in 2014
two minutes ago two minutes before
in one hour one hour later
Please identify the topic, main idea, & supporting details!
Color the simple past & Past Perfect, also change the
direct to indirect and so do the other way.
• A traffic collision involving two buses claimed the lives of seven people on the Cipali toll
road in Subang, West Java, on Thursday. West Java Police spokesman Sr. Comr. Trunoyudo
Wisnu Andiko said the accident took place when a Sinar Jaya bus en route from Cikopo to
Palimanan – driven by Sanudin – lost control and lurched into oncoming traffic.
• “The bus lost its balance and hit the Arimbi Jaya bus, which came from the opposite
direction,” Trunoyudo explained. Sanudin is being treated for grave injuries. Seven people
were killed in the accident. Three others suffered severe injuries and five more suffered
minor injuries. The seven fatalities were identified as Warsidin, 53; Imam Safii, 27; Aris
Yunianto, 37; Surta, 61; Khofifah, 32; Kuntarsih, 37; and Salsis, 24.
• All of the victims were taken to Ciereng General Hospital in Subang where they received
treatment for their injuries. The damaged buses were taken to the Cipali traffic post in
Cilameri, Subang.The police are still investigating the cause of the accident. “We suspect
the driver was unable to control his vehicle’s speed,” Trunoyudo said. The toll road
management PT Lintas Marga Sedaya has recorded 43 traffic collisions on the Cipali toll
road since June 8. Previously, during the Eid pilgrimage in June, a similar accident occurred,
resulting in 12 deaths and 43 injuries. Vice President of PT Lintas Marga Sedaya, Firdaus
Aziz, claimed that the number of traffic collisions had decreased by 30.64 percent from 62
cases last year. (www.thejakartapost.com)
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