Basic Theory of Circuits

SEIEE
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
2007.9

Basic Theory of Circuits, SJTU 1

 Introduction
Course Title: Basic Theory of Circuits
Periods/ Credits: 72/4
Prerequisites: Advanced math; General physics
Lecturer: Associate Professor Li Ping
Email address: eedept@sjtu.edu.cn
Lecture time and classroom: 上院 106 Mon34;Wed12
Tutorial arrangement: SEIEE Building 1-429 34204395
Website: http://ee.sjtu.edu.cn/po/Class-web/dianlu-jichu/index.htm
http://eelab.sjtu.edu.cn/dl/
Assessment: homework+quiz+paper+exam
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 Course objective:
The aim and task for this course is to help
the students grasp the circuits concepts
correctly, grasp the basic rules and
analyzing methods, which provides a
solid basis for further study
Topics covered:
 Basic concepts
 Analysis of linear resistive network
 Analysis of linear dynamic circuit
 Analysis of sinusoidal stable state
 Two-port networks
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 Basic concepts:
 Lumped-parameter circuits;
 Variables (voltage and current) in circuit and their
reference direction;
 Voltage source, current source and their basic
waveforms (DC, Sinusoid, step, impulse, ramp);
 The features and VAR of resistor, capacitor, inductor,
dependent source and two-port elements such as
coupled coils, ideal transformer, gyrator and linear idea
operational amplifier. The concepts of linear and
nonlinear, time invariant and time variant;
 Power and energy;
 Circuit model;
 Kirchhoff’s law, tellegen’s law and the basic concepts of
network topology.
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Analysis of linear resistive network
 Calculating of simple resistive circuits (including
Branch Analysis); the transformation between
passive and active circuits (including dependent
sources); maximum power transfer theorem;
 Mesh analysis and nodal analysis, loop analysis
and cut sets analysis (including matrix forms);
 Substitution theorem, superposition theorem,
Norton’s and Thevenin’s theorem, reciprocity
theorem;

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 Analysis of linear dynamic circuit
 Foundation of differential equation for first-order RC, RL
circuit;
 Initial conditions;
 Time constant, zero input response, zero state response,
complete response, transient and steady-state, natural
and forced response;
 A general solution;
 Step response and impulse response;
 Foundation of differential equation for second-order RLC
circuit;
 Zero input, zero state and complete response of RLC
circuit (including overdamped, critically damped and
underdamped case);
 Natural frequency;
 Concept of convolution integral;
 Analysis method in frequency domain.
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 Analysis of sinusoidal stable state
 The amplitude, angular frequency, argument and phase of a sinusoidal
variable, and its transient value, effective value, phase difference, phastor,
phasor diagram;
 Concept of sinusoidal stable state response, and its relationship with
differential equation, using phasor to get the special solution of the
differential equation in sinusoidal stable state circuit;
 Circuit analysis in phasor model, and the transfer between phasor model
and time model;
 Phasor form of Kirchhoff’s law and elements’ VA relationship;
 Resistance and admittance;
 General analysis method of sinusoidal stable state circuit(including the
circuit with coupled coils and its equivalent model), network theorem and
application of phasor diagram, maximum power transfer theorem;
 Average power (real power), reactive power, apparent power, complex
power and power factor;
 Resistance function, admittance function and meshwork function, frequency
response, series resonance and parallel resonance, resonance frequency,
quality factor; concept of bandwidth, frequency selection, lowpass, highpass
and bandstop filter;
 Concept of balanced three-phase circuits;
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 Two-port networks
 The definition of two-port network; network
parameter representation [Z], [Y], [H], [T]
and their calculation;
 Interconnection of networks;
 Multi-exchange port; analysis of the
terminated two-port circuit; equivalent
circuits.

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 Place of Electrical Circuits
in Modern Technology

The design of the circuits has 2 main objectives:

1)  To gather, store, process, transport, and present information.
2)  To distribute and convert energy between various forms.

The study of circuits provides a foundation for areas of

electrical engineering such as:
• Communication system
• Computer system
• Control system
• Electronics
• Electromagnetic
• Power systems
• Signal processing

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Motivation for doing this course
As a student of SEIEE, you should :
1)  Understand the main principles of how electrical equipment
operates. So you can operate or maintain electrical systems.
2)  Have a broad enough knowledge base to lead further study.
About the course
Circuit Analysis
Circuit Theory
Circuit Synthesis

What we emphasize on,

Excitation Circuits Response Since it provides the foundation
(given) (given) (unknown) for understanding the interaction
of signal solution.
Circuit Analysis

In contrast to analysis,
Excitation Circuits Response a design problem may have no
(given) (unknown) (given) solution or several solutions,

Circuit synthesis (design)

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 Resistance circuits analysis

The course includes 3 parts: Dynamic circuits analysis

Sinusoidal steady state

Reference Books
1) Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Charles K Alexander TsingHua
Uni Press (photocopy version)
2) The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits Roland E.Thomas,
Albert J.Rosa—2nd ed
3) Electrical Engineering Principles and Applications Allan R.Hambley
---2nd ed
4) 电路分析基础 李瀚荪 第三版
5) 电路 邱关源 第四版
6) Electric Circuits Joseph Edminister, Mahmood Nahvi -----3rd ed
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 Chapter 1
Fundamental Knowledge

Basic Theory of Circuits, SJTU 12

 What is covered in
Chapter 1:
 Circuit and circuit model
 Circuit Variables
 Circuit Elements

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 Circuit and circuit
model
 Actual electrical component: a battery or a light
bulb
• Ideal circuit component: a
mathematical model of an actual
electric component.

Rs
R1
Circuit
Model
Vs

Emphasize the main character

Actual electrical Ideal circuit
component component
Neglect the left character
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Circuit model: A commonly used mathematical model
for electric system.

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 Lumped element Lumped circuit
i1 i2

Actual scale of the circuit is much

smaller than the wavelength
+ V -
relating to the running frequency
i1=i2 ; V is certain of the circuit.

• Linear----Nonlinear
• Time invariant----Time variant
Circuit Type:
• Passive----Active
• Lumped----Distributive

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 Circuit Variables
         Electric current is the time rate of
change of charge, measured in amperes (A).
dq
i Where q is charge in coulombs(C)
dt
A direct current (DC) is a current that
remains constant with time. (I)
Sort
An alternating current (AC) is a current that varies
sinusoidally with time.

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Reference direction

i i >0 means the real direction is

same to the reference direction

i <0 means the real direction is

opposite to the reference direction

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 Circuit Variables
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required
to move a unit charge through an element, measured in
volts(V).
dw
v  Where w is energy in joules(J)
dq And q is charge in coulombs(C)

Reference direction or voltage polarity

V>0 means the real polarity is same
to the reference polarity
+ V -

V<0 means the real polarity is

opposite to the reference polarity

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passive sign convention

Passive sign convention is satisfied

i when current enters through the positive
+ V - polarity of the voltage.

Unless stated, we will follow the passive sign

convention throughout this course.

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 Circuit Variables
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy.
Measured in watts(W) dw
p
dt
 p  vi using passive sign
convention

P=VI in a DC circuit
The algebraic sum of power in a circuit, at any instant
of time, must be zero.
Power absorbed = - Power supplied
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 Reference polarities for
power using passive
sign convention
P>0 absorbing power
P < 0 releasing or supplying
power
Examples

Law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in any

electric circuit.

p0 Power absorbed = - Power supplied

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Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in
joules(J)
The energy absorbed or supplied by an element
from time t0 to time t is

t t
w  t pdt  t vidt
0 0

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 Circuit Elements
Passive elements: resistors, capacitors, and
inductors
Active elements: source, operational
amplifiers

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Voltage and Current Sources
independent sources
dependent sources
An ideal independent source is an active element that
provides a specified voltage or current that is
completely independent of other circuit variables.
Symbols for independent voltage source Symbols for independent current source

The voltage is determined by itself but the current through it

is determined by the outside circuit
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Note:
 2 or more voltage sources with different value are not permissible
to be connected in parallel
 2 or more current sources with different value are not permissible
to be connected in series
 Voltage sources connected in series is equivalent to one voltage
source
 Current sources connected in parallel is equivalent to one current
source
 A voltage source connected to any branch in parallel is equivalent
to itself
 A current source connected to any branch in series is equivalent to
itself
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An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active
element in which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.

Symbols for a) dependent voltage sources b) dependent

current sources
There are a total of four variations
1.      A voltage –controlled voltage source
(VCVS)
2.         A current –controlled voltage source
(CCVS)
3.         A voltage –controlled current source
(VCCS)
4.         A current –controlled current source
(CCCS) Basic Theory of Circuits, SJTU
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 I1
V1 V1 I1

VCVS CCVS

I1
V1 g V1
I1

VCCS CCCS
 What is the difference between independent
and dependent sources?
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 Resistors
The circuit element used to model the current –resisting
behavior of a material is the resistor.
Resistance is the capacity of materials to impede the
flow of current.

The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to

resist the flow of electric current; it is measured in ohms
(Ω)

R1
Symbol:
1k

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 The i-v characteristic
u u u
t2
t1

i i i

Linear Time Invariant Linear Time variant Open Circuit

u u u

t2
t1

i i i

Nonlinear Time Invariant Nonlinear Time Variant Short Circuit

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 Linear Resistor: The resistance of the idea resistor is constant
and its value does not vary over time.

The relation between voltage and current. (VAR)

v
V=Ri (passive sign convention)
 
i -------Ohm’s Law

Since the value of R can range from zero to infinity,

it is important that we consider the two extreme
possible value of R:
R=0-------is called a short circuit; V=0;
R=∞------is called an open circuit, I=0; Basic Theory of Circuits, SJTU
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Conductance G is the reciprocal of the resistance,
measured in siemens (s)
1
G 
R
Power : P=vi (passive sign convention)
always absorbs power from the circuit
2
v
p vi i R 
  2
Other methods of R
expressing : 2
i
p  vi  v 2G 
G
About nonlinear resistor ( diode, triode)

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Thank you

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University of Sydney Basic Theory of Circuits, SJTU
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