bASICS OF bRIDGE ENGINEERING PCG

Introduction to
Bridge Engineering
Pankaj Gandhi
Executive Engineer
Roads & Building Designs
Civil Engineering
• Oldest branch of engineering, next to Military engineering. All
engineering works other than for military purposes were grouped
in to Civil Engineering. Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics &
present day Information technology followed it.
• A professional engineering discipline that deals with the analysis,
design, construction and maintenance of infrastructural facilities
such as buildings, bridges, dams, roads etc.
• Constructions are against nature.
• Application of physical, mathematical and scientific principles for
the convenience of civilization.
• Began b/w 4000 BC and 2000 BC (during Ancient Egypt,
Mesapotamia, Indus Valley Civilisations).
• John Smeaton was the first self proclaimed Civil Engineer who
built Eddystone Light House in 1771.
Wednesday, February 12, 2020 Bridge Engineering by Pankaj Gandhi 2
Civil Engineering is Everywhere
Civil Engineering is a
composite of many specific
disciplines that include
structural engineering,
water engineering, waste
material management and
engineering, foundation
engineering etc. among
many.

DISCIPLINES OF CIVIL ENGINERING
Hydraulics,
Architecture &
Water Resource &
Town Planning
Irrigation Engineering
Building Remote Sensing & GIS

Materials
Construction Structural
Civil Engineering
Technology Engineering
Environmental
Surveying
Engineering Bridge Engineering
Geotechnical Transportation
Engineering Engineering
Do you know oldest Bridge in the world?

Ram Setu
WE ALL INDIANS KNOW THAT THERE WAS (IS?)
VARADI ( Bridge) BETWEEN INDIA AND SRILANKA

WHICH WAS CONSTRUCTED BY "VANARA SENA" IN
TRETA YUGA.
BUT NOW NASA PEOPLE FIND IT THAT IT IS THERE AND

THEY NAMED IT AS "ADAM BRIDGE".

BRIDGE COMPONENTS
WHAT IS A BRIDGE?
•Bridge is a structure which covers a gap
•Generally bridges carry a road or railway across a natural or
artificial obstacle such as, a river, canal or another railway or
another road
•Bridge is a structure carrying a free flow of transport and is
the most significant component of a transportation system in
case of communication over spacing/gaps for whatever reason
such as aquatic obstacles, valleys and gorges etc.

Classification of Bridges
Material Steel Concrete Wood Hybrid

Stone/Brick
Usage Pedestrian Highway Railroad
Span Short Medium Long
Structural Slab Girder Truss Arch

Suspension Cable-Stayed
Form

BRIDGE COMPONENETS
• SUPER STRUCTURE
• SUB STRUCTURE
• FOUNDATION

SELECTION OF THE SUPERSTUCTURE
SPAN RANGE TYPE OF CONSTUCTION
• UP TO 10 MT. SOLID R.C.C SLAB
• > 10 MT < 20 MT R.C.C. BEAM & SLAB
• > 20 MT < 25 MT R.C.C.VOIDED SLAB
• > 25 MT < 30 MT PSC VOIDED SLAB
• > 30 MT < 35 -40 MT R.C.C. BOX
• > 40 MT < 45 MT PSC GIRDER
• > 45 MT < 55 MT PSC BOX
• > 50 MT < 120 MT CANTILEVER SEGMENTAL
• > 120 MT < 400 MT CABLE STAYED
• > 400 MT SUSPENSION BRIDGE

SUB STUCTURE
• ABUTMENTS
• STONE MASONARY
• R.C.C
• MASS CONCRETE
• PIERS
• STONE MASONARY
• R.C.C
• MASS CONCRETE

BEARINGS
• TAR PAPER
• METALIC SLIDING PLATE BEARING
• ROLLER & ROLLER ROCKER BEARING
METALIC OR RCC BEARING
• NEOPRENE RUBERR BEARING
• POT BEARING

• FOUNDATION
• OPEN FOUNDATION
• WELL FOUNDATION
• PILE FOUNDATION

DEFINITIONS
• Bridge : Bridge is a structure having a total
length of above 6 m between the inner faces
of the dirt walls for carrying traffic or other
moving loads over a depression or obstruction
such as channel, road or railway.
• Minor bridge - Total length up to 60 m
• Major bridge - Total length greater than 60 m

• Culvert : A cross drainage structure having total
length of 6 m or less between inner faces of dirt
wall.
• Foot Bridge : A bridge extensively used for

carrying pedestrians, cycles and animals.
• High Level Bridge : A bridge, which carries the

roadway above H.F.L. of the channel.
• Submersible Bridge/Vented causeway : A bridge

designed to be overtopped during floods.
• Abutment : The end supports of deck of
bridge, which also retains earth, fill of
approaches behind fully or partly.
• Pier : Intermediate supports of the

superstructure of a bridge.
• Afflux : The rise in the flood level of the river

immediately on the upstream of a bridge as a
result of obstruction to natural flow caused by
the construction of bridge and its approaches.
LOADS, FORCES AND STRESSES
1.Dead load
2.Live load
3.Impact factor on vehicular live load
4.Impact due to floating bodies or vessels as the
case may be
5.Vehicle collision load
6.Wind load
7.Water current

9.Longitudinal forces caused by tractive effort
of vehicles or by braking of vehicles and/or
those caused by restraint of movement of
free bearings by friction or deformation
10. Centrifugal force
11. Buoyancy
12. Earth pressure including live load
surcharge
13. Temperature effects

14. Deformation effects
15. Secondary effects
16. Erection effects
17. Seismic force
18. Wave pressure

Types of Bridges
• Girder
• Arch
• Truss
• Cable-Stayed
• Suspension

The Basic Bridge Types
Beam / Girder Bridge Arch Bridge
Truss Bridge Cable Stayed Bridge
Rigid Frame Bridge Suspension Bridge

GIRDER BRIDGE
Typical Span Lengths

10m - 200m
World's Longest
Ponte Costa e Silva,
Brazil
Total Length 700m

Center Span 300m
Namihaya Bridge, Osaka, Japan

Types of supports
Wednesday, February 12, 2020 Bridge Engineering by Pankaj Gandhi Beam/Girder Bridge 31
Components of a bridge

GIRDER BRIDGE

GIRDER BRIDGE

Bridge Cap and Damper

Arch Bridges
• Keystone – the wedge-
shaped stone of an arch
that locks its parts
together
• Abutments – the
structures that support the
ends of the bridge

ARCH BRIDGE

40m - 150m
World's Longest
New River Gorge Bridge, U.S.A.
Total Length 924m

Center Span 518m
Meiwa
Wednesday,Bridge,
February 12,Edogawa-Ku,
2020 Tokyo
Bridge Engineering by Pankaj Gandhi 40
Cold Spring Arch Bridge, Santa Barbara, CA
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
Truss - Creates both a very rigid structure
It transfers the load from a single point to a

considerably wider area

TRUSS BRIDGE

40m - 500m
World's Longest
Pont de Quebec
Total Length 863m

Center Span 549m
2ndWednesday,
Mameyaki Bridge,
February 12, 2020 Saitama,Bridge
Japan Engineering by Pankaj Gandhi 44
Cable-Stayed Bridges
• Piers – the vertical supporting structures
• Cables – thick steel ropes from which the decking is
suspended
• Decking – the supported roadway on a bridge

Cable Stayed Bridge
Pylon
110m - 480m
World's Longest
Tatara Bridge, Japan
Total Length 1,480m

Center Span 890m
Tsurumi Tsubasa Bridge

Wednesday, FebruaryZakim
12, 2020 Bridge, Boston, MA
Bridge Engineering by Pankaj Gandhi 48
Sunshine Skyway Bridge, Tampa, FL
Suspension Bridges
• Similar to Cable-Stayed
• Different construction method

Suspension Bridge
Ohnaruto Bridge Typical Span Lengths

70m - 1,000m+
Pylon World's Longest
Akashi Kaikyo Bridge,
Japan
Total Length 3,911m
Center Span 1,991m

Hakucho Bridge
Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, CA
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, New York, NY
Other Types
Truss
Southern Pacific Railroad Bridge, Tempe,
AZ
Cantilever
Firth of Forth-Forth Rail Bridge,
Edinburgh, Scotland
MOVEABLE
• Swing
• Central span turned 90 degrees on pivot pier
placed in middle of waterway
• Double swing possible

Moveable Bridge

BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB, IRAQ

Bascule Bridges
MOVEABLE
• Bascule
– One or two sections not supported by piers
– Balanced on one end by counterweights
– Section jackknifes up to allow passage of ships
– Most common type of highway drawbridge

Erie Street Bridge, a bascule bridge, with the two leaves in raised position

Vertical Lift Bridges
MOVEABLE
• Vertical Lift
– Central span extends between two towers
– Balanced by counterweights
– Variation of this type is bridge over Shatt-al-arab
River in Iraq—Roadway sinks into water to allow
ships to pass over it

Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge
Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts

GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE, BRAZIL

Pontoon Bridges
OTHER
• Pontoon
– Floats on water
– Can be disassembled and moved to new site
– Supported by pontoons or barges

The U.S. Army's Sava River
bridge is taken apart at
nightfall and put together
in the morning

Evergreen Floating Bridge

PRESTRESSED BRIDGES
Bridges Built • Owners and designers

% Built
have long recognized the
60 low initial cost, low
P/C
maintenance needs and
50
long life expectancy of
40 prestressed concrete
bridges. This is reflected
30
S/S in the increasing market
20
R/C
share of prestressed
concrete, which has
10
T grown from zero in 1950
0 to more than 55 percent
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00
today.
Year Built
Source: National Bridge Inventory Data

ADVANTAGES OF PRESTRESSED BRIDGES -- CASE STUDIES
• This growth continues

very rapidly, not only
for bridges in the short
span range, but also
for spans in excess of
150 feet which,
heretofore, has been
nearly the exclusive
domain of structural
steel.

ADVANTAGES OF PRESTRESSED BRIDGES
Cost Efficiencies
Structural/Engineering
Design Aesthetics

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN DECIDING BRIDGE
TYPE
In general all the factors are related to economy, safety and aesthetics.
•Geometric Conditions of the Site

•Subsurface Conditions of the Site
•Functional Requirements
•Aesthetics
•Economics and Ease of Maintenance
•Construction and Erection Consideration
•Legal Considerations
Thank You
Pankaj Gandhi

bASICS OF bRIDGE ENGINEERING PCG

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Introduction to

Wednesday, February 12, 2020 Bridge Engineering by Pankaj Gandhi 3

Building Remote Sensing & GIS

Wednesday, February 12, 2020 Bridge Engineering by Pankaj Gandhi 5

VARADI ( Bridge) BETWEEN INDIA AND SRILANKA

BUT NOW NASA PEOPLE FIND IT THAT IT IS THERE AND

Wednesday, February 12, 2020 Bridge Engineering by Pankaj Gandhi 13

Wednesday, February 12, 2020 Bridge Engineering by Pankaj Gandhi 15

Material Steel Concrete Wood Hybrid

Usage Pedestrian Highway Railroad

Span Short Medium Long

Structural Slab Girder Truss Arch

Wednesday, February 12, 2020 Bridge Engineering by Pankaj Gandhi 16

Wednesday, February 12, 2020 Bridge Engineering by Pankaj Gandhi 17

Wednesday, February 12, 2020 Bridge Engineering by Pankaj Gandhi 18

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Wednesday, February 12, 2020 Bridge Engineering by Pankaj Gandhi 20

Wednesday, February 12, 2020 Bridge Engineering by Pankaj Gandhi 21

• Minor bridge - Total length up to 60 m

• Major bridge - Total length greater than 60 m

• Foot Bridge : A bridge extensively used for

• High Level Bridge : A bridge, which carries the

• Submersible Bridge/Vented causeway : A bridge

• Pier : Intermediate supports of the

• Afflux : The rise in the flood level of the river

Wednesday, February 12, 2020 Bridge Engineering by Pankaj Gandhi 25

Wednesday, February 12, 2020 Bridge Engineering by Pankaj Gandhi 26

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Beam / Girder Bridge Arch Bridge

Truss Bridge Cable Stayed Bridge

Rigid Frame Bridge Suspension Bridge

Typical Span Lengths

Total Length 700m

Namihaya Bridge, Osaka, Japan

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Typical Span Lengths

Total Length 924m

It transfers the load from a single point to a

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Typical Span Lengths

Total Length 863m

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Total Length 1,480m

Tsurumi Tsubasa Bridge

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Ohnaruto Bridge Typical Span Lengths

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