CITING RELATED LITERATURE

USING STANDARD STYLES

 The Need for Citing Sources
1) To avoid plagiarism
2) To assign proper authority to a statement
 What it is for?
Citation gives details of a scholarly publication’s
location, helping people find it quickly.

A full citation appears in a separate bibiliography

or reference section.

When citing references, it is best to check for

the required form.
 Referencing Sources
- Systematically showing what information or
ideas you are quoting or paraphrasing from
another’s author’s works and where they
come from.
- As a dictum, you must research in order to do
research.
 The importance of Referencing
appropriately:
• Adds authority to your work by supporting it with
previous research
• Demonstrates reading and understanding of
relevant literature
• Enables the reader to track down the original
source to check its quality(and to check that you
haven’t misinterpreted it)
• Ensures that you write in an ethical manner by
giving credit to the original authors(Dempster
and Hanna, 2016)
 Citing Web Sources
SOURCE EXAMPLE CITATION
Web site with author Kraizer, S. (2005). Safe child. Retrieved February
29, from http.//www.safechild org.
Web site with corporate Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMSHA). (2008, February 15)
Stop underage drinking. Retrieved February
29, 2008, from http.//www.stopalchoholabuse.gov
Web site with unknown Penn State Myths. (2006) Retrieved December 6, 2011,
author from http.//www.psoedu.ur/about/myths.
Page within a Web site Global warming solutions. (2007, May 21). In union
(Unknown author) of Concerned Scientist. Retrieved February 29, 2008,
from http.//www.ucsusa org/global warming solutions
 Citing Books
SOURCE
Book by a single author
Book by two authors
Book by three or more authors
Book by a corporate author
Article or chapter within an edited book
EXAMPLE CITATION
Rollin, B. E (2006). Science and ethics. New
York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Sherman, C., & Price, G. (2011). The
invisible web: Uncovering information
sources search engines can’t see.
Medford, NJ: Cyber Age Books.
Goodpaster, K.E., Nash, L.L., &Betignies,
H. (2006) Business ethics: Policies and
person (3rd ed.)
American Medical Association. (2004)
American Medical Association family
medical guide (4th ed.)
Winnie, P.H. (2001) Self-regulated learning
viewed from models of information
processing. In B.J Zimmerman & D.H.
Schuk (Eds), self-regulated learning and
academic achievement (2nd ed, pp 160-
192). Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Eribaum
Associates
 Citing Articles from print periodicals
SOURCE EXAMPLE CITATIONS
Article in monthly magazine (include Sweden, E.G (2006, May/June). Designing
volume number if given) babies: A eugenics race with China? The
Futurist
Article un a weekly magazine (include Will, G.G (2004, July 5) Waggng war on
volume number if given) Wal-Mart. News. Newsweek
Article in a daily newspaper Dougherty, R. (2006, January 11). Jury
convicts man in drunk driving death.
Centre Daily Times, p. 1A
Article in a scholarly journal Stock. C.D., & Fisher, P.A. (2006)
Language delays among foster children:
Implications for policy and practice. Child
Welfare, 85(3)
Book review Rif kind, D. (2005, April 10). Breaking their
vows. Review
 Citing Electronic Books
SOURCE EXAMPLE CITATION
Electronic Book Mc Kernan, B. (2001) . Digital cinema:
the revolution in cinematography
postproduction distribution. New York,
NY: Mc-Graw Hill. Retrieved from
www.netlibraray.com Post, E. (1923)
Etiquette in society, in business, in
politics and at home. New York, NY:
Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved from
http://books.google.com/books
 Citing an Entry in an Online Reference
Work
SOURCE EXAMPLE CITATION
Entry from Gale Virtual Rey, G. (2006) Behaviorism. In D.M Borchert
Reference Library (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2nd ed).
Retrieved from http//gogalegroup.com
When your quote is longer than 40 words,
• Start the quote on a new line
• Indent the entire quote by 5 spaces (1/2 of an
inch if you use the ruler in Microsoft)
• Don’t use quotation marks.
• Double-space the quote (just like the rest of
the paper)
• Use brackets enclosing ellipses [ ] to represent
omitted text.
• If you quote contains a quote, use double
quotation marks “ “ around the shorter quote
Example of a long qoute

Elder and Paul (2006) explain the difference

between absolutists and relativists. Some people,
dogmatic absolutists, try to reduce all questions to matter
of fact. They think that every question has one and only
one correct answer. Others, subjective relativists, try to
reduce all questions to matters of subjective opinion.
They think that no question has correct or incorrect
answers but that all questions whatsoever are matters of
opinion. Neither absolutist nor relativist leaves room for
what is crucial to success in human life matters of
judgment.
 Laying out your Reference Section
• At the end of your report, before the appendix
is where you put the reference section. It is an
alphabetical list of all the references you cited
in the text of your report.
You should always cite other people’s words, ideas
and other intellectual property that you see in your
research or that have an influence on your ideas.
This includes what had been presented as different
types of materials. The demand is that you should
cite whenever you
• Use a direct quote
• Paraphrase
• Summarize
• Use facts or statistics that are relatively less
known or relate directly to your argument.