Renewable Energy

Technologies EP-663
Dr. Fawad Azeem
Energy Research Center, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Lahore Campus

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Course Instructor
• Course Instructor: Fawad Azeem
• Ph.D., Renewable Energy Integration and Energy Management Algorithms in Microgrids
• MS Energy Systems Engineering
• B.E Electronic Engineering
• Master Trainer: Energy Audits of Public Buildings
• Approved Projects/Research Grants:
1) Microgrids with Maximum Penetration of Renewable Energy
2) Renewable Energy based Multi-Microgrids jointly with School of Power Engineering,
SCUT, China
• 12 Research Publications (7 ISI Journal and 5 IEEE Conferences)

Week-1 2
 EP 663 Course Focus

Understanding the design techniques, power sector structures, technology,

economic and environmental factors of Renewable Energy Technologies

Applications Environment
Technology
and Economics

Renewable Energy Technologies System Design

Renewable Energy
Technologies in Pakistan History

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Related Courses

Basics
BasicsofofElectrical
Electrical Basics
BasicsofofPower
Power Renewable
RenewableEnergy
Energy
Engineering
Engineering Generation
Generation Technologies
Technologies

Basic knowledge of Electrical system and electronics

is assumed!

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Week #1
(Introduction)
Week #2
(Wind Energy) Topic Coverage
Week # 3
(Wind Energy)
Week # 4
(Solar Energy (PV)
Week # 5
(Solar Energy
Thermal)
Week # 6
(Bioenergy)
Week # 7
(Tidal and Hydel Energy)
Mid-Term
Week # 9
(Energy Planning Installation)
Week # 10
(Solar PV calculations)
Week # 11
(Power Converters/Inverters)
Week # 12
(Geothermal Energy)
Week # 13
(Health safety and Environmental Impacts)
Week # 14
Case study Week-1 5
Week # 15 Electric Vehicle
Added a new topic Electric Vehicles
in Course Plan
• A new emerging topic of electric vehicles has been added in week 15
• Technology involved in Electric Vehicles, range anxiety, adoption rate
and grid integration of electric vehicles will be discussed briefly.

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 Course Style

• Reduce the pressure of giving Quizzes and reading assignments and

emphasis on Research and development
• Only 3 Graded Quizzes
• Our goal: Enhance knowledge in Latest Technologies and Trends involved in Design of Renewable
Energy Technologies
• Major emphasis on developing knowledge in Renewable energy system
and research
• Transition from undergrad to grad student
• Give oral presentation
• Research opportunities within the course
• Opportunity to do “research in the small” to help make transition from good
student to research colleague

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 Grading
• 5% Home works (work individually )
• 35% Examinations and Research Work Presentations (1 Midterms)
• 60% Final

• Synopsis Discussion for MS dissertation

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Contents
• Introduction and Overview to Renewable Energy Technologies
• Tackling Global warming – improving supply side of energy
• Why Renewables?
• Renewable Energy Overview
• Solar Power
• Wind Power
• Bio-fuels
• Hydro
• Economics of Renewable Energy
• Power Sector of Pakistan and Latest Situation

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Energy Industry – The Ecosystem
Associated Equipment/ Technology Suppliers

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 Energy Composition
U.S. and European generating capacity is dominated by fossil fuel combustion though a
shift happening towards non-fossil fuel generation
US & EU Energy Mix (2012)

16.00%
2.00% Renewables
Hydro
40.00% Gas
Nuclear
19.00% Oil
Coal

7.00%

16.00%
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US Electricity Composition

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Tackling Global
More efficient Warming
end-user appliances and lower consumer demand
Energy-saving light bulbs, more efficient air conditioners and freezers etc.

Reducing CO2
Emissions

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Projected CO2 Reductions from Various Sources
Contribution to CO2 reduction by 2030

12.00%

Mileage
10.00% 35.00% Energy Production Efficiency
Lighting, Acs, Industrial
Motors
Nuclear
Renewables and biofuels

30.00%
13.00%

Source - IEA
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Renewables - There is
an alternative

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 Why Renewables?
• Do not deplete natural resources
• Global warming has hit the public (and political?) conscience
• Effective method to reduce CO2 emissions
• Guarantee Energy security for countries deploying it
• Legislation being passed making renewables more attractive

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Key Renewable Energy Sources
SolarSolar-thermal
Power
SolarSolar-thermal
Power
Photovoltaic

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Solar Power

• Solar energy is generally captured in two forms: via photovoltaic cells for
electricity generation or via thermal panels for heating purposes
• Remains an expensive method of generating electricity compared to conventional
sources and other renewable sources such as wind or hydro power
• Recent advances in technology and support from certain governments have
continued to drive solar penetration

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Solar Power - Photovoltaic
Current is generated through Photovoltaic
effect -flow of free electrons in Silicon Panel
due to solar irradiance

Direct current (DC) is generated which can

be stored in a battery or converted to
Alternating Current (AC)

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Solar Power – Solar Thermal
Sun’s infrared rays are concentrated
through reflecting mirrors on a heating
fluid (normally liquid salt) medium,
which in turn generates steam to propel
turbines

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Pros - Solar
• Most widely available source of energy
• Not as limited in location siting as other renewable sources such as Wind & Hydro
• Largest potential for decentralized power generation
• Solar thermal technology characteristics attractive owing to ability to store energy
• Scaling up (& down) very easy for Solar PV

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Cons - Solar
• Most expensive form of energy (though not so much if you consider end-to-end
costs of other energy sources)
• Large up-front Capital investment
• Cannot contribute to base-load power (until further improvements in energy
storage)
• Imposes great stress on the grid owing to fluctuating nature
• Solar PV - Difficult to store energy in electric form

Week-1 22
 Wind Power
• Converts kinetic energy for wind to electrical energy
• Broadly serving as the renewable of choice in Europe and the United States
• Increased size and higher productivity have enabled wind generation to become an
increasingly competitive alternative to more traditional methods of power generation
• Uncertainty is the main problem with wind production owing to the inherent
unpredictability of weather conditions
• Utilization for wind generation is generally rather low, with most in the 25-35%
utilization rate

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Wind Power

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Pros - Wind
• Smaller Land requirement when compared to Solar, Hydro
• Can be built off-shore
• Fluctuates less than solar
• Cheaper than Solar

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Cons - Wind
• Premium Onshore sites saturated
• Intermittency issue
• Offshore towers more expensive
• Energy Storage not viable
• Cause Noise pollution

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Biofuels
• Ethanol is an alcohol distilled from plant material (corn in the U.S., sugar cane in Brazil, wheat in
Europe) and used as gasoline substitute or blend stock
• U.S. and Brazil account for 90% of global ethanol production and consumption
• Ethanol can be blended to around 10% of the gasoline pool without any noticeable impact on vehicle
performance, but higher blend proportions require some engine modifications
• Biodiesel is produced by the transformation of animal fat or vegetable oil into a conventional diesel
substitute
• Feedstock represents more than 80% of the total costs of producing biodiesel compared with around
60% for ethanol

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Bio-fuels

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Pros - Biofuels
• Inherently renewable
• Emit less particulate pollution than traditional petroleum based gasoline and
diesel fuels
• Easier to transition to without special infrastructure needs

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Cons - Biofuels
• Not enough land space to grow crops for biofuel demand
• Question over whether producing them actually requires more energy than they
generate
• Still polluting when compared to wind or solar

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 Characteristics
• Most mature of renewable energies
• Largest global contributor amongst all renewable energies
• Largely utilizes established technology from other sectors
• Can be “switched on-off” at almost immediately
• Arguably the Cheapest where available

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Hydroelectric

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Pros - Hydroelectric
• Cheap electricity
• Capable of providing base load power
• Capable of large scale production

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Cons - Hydroelectric
• Environmental concerns. Ecology in dam catchment area destroyed
• Humanitarian implications. Settlements in catchment areas have to be relocated
• Depends on seasonal nature of water (rain) availability in catchment area
• High upfront capital investment costs
• Limited in number of potential sites/locations

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Key Trends & Players - Hydroelectric

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Renewables –
Economics

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Clean-Tech Investment Chain

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Cost – Renewables versus Non-renewables
35

30

25

20
Cost (US$ cents/kWh)
15

10

0
Solar Coal Nuclear Gas Wind Oil

Week-1 38
U.S. Utilization by Plant Type
Utilization
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
Utilzation
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Wind Nuclear Coal CCGT - Nat Gas
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Power Sector of Pakistan and
Latest Situation

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Power Sector of Pakistan

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Generation Companies (Thermal)

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Distribution Companies

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Electricity

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Renewable Energy

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Tariff Setting

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Solar
Tariff

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Wind

Tarif

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 Residen
tial

Utilit
y
Tariff

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Commer
cial

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Industri
al

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Agricult
ural

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Sources
• Pakistan Energy Year Book 2019
• ICMA Pakistan Tariff Setting
• Central Power Purchasing Agency of Pakistan
• Pakistan Electric Power Regulatory Authority
• Renewable Energy An- Overview, Gajendra Sidana, updated by Sean
Elliott, Energy Club, Kellogg School of Management

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