INTRODUCTION

SPECIAL ELECTRICAL MACHINES

ELECTRICAL MACHINES- IN GENERAL

 DC MACHINES- MOTORS

 AC MACHINES- GENERATOR

 INDUCTION MOTORS- MOTOR

LIMITATIONS

 DC Motor
 Armature and field voltage control
 IM Motor
 Frequency and Stator voltage control
 Alternator
 Designed for low synchronous speed
STATIC DEVICES- AFTER 1960’S

 Innovation of Static Devices such as SCRs etc.

 DC motor- Variable DC supply
 IM Motor- Variable frequency drive

 Later years development of Power transistors,

MOFET, IGBT etc. increases the ease control
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY

 Computer peripheral equipments

 Robotics

 Computer Numeric Control (CNC) Machines

 Electrical vehicles
OVERALL COST

 high material price, such as permanent

magnet, copper, and iron
 To reduce the cost
 Need to improve torque density
NON CONVENTIONAL MACHINES

 Stepper Motor- position Control

 Reluctance Motor- medium traction

 Brushless DC motor- High Torque Applications

 Linear IM- High Speed transportation

ADVANTAGES

 Specific applications
 High torque density

 Low cost

 Better performance

 Easy to implement digital control

SYLLABUS-COVERAGE

 Reluctance Motor- 2nd Module

 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor- 4th Module

MODULE 2

RELUCTANCE MOTOR
ELECTRICAL MACHINES- CLASSIFICATION

 broadly classified into two categories on the

basis of how they produce torque
 electromagnetically or
 by variable reluctance.
TORQUE- ELECTROMAGNETICALLY
 Motion is produced by the interaction of two
magnetic fields, one generated by the stator
and the other by the rotor.
 Two magnetic fields, mutually coupled, produce
an electromagnetic torque tending to bring the
fields into alignment.
 The same phenomenon causes opposite poles
of bar magnets to attract and like poles to
repel.
TORQUE- RELUCTANCE
 In the second category, motion is produced as a
result of the variable reluctance in the air gap
between the rotor and the stator.
 When a stator winding is energized, producing a
single magnetic field, reluctance torque is
produced by the tendency of the rotor to move to
its minimum reluctance position.
 This phenomenon is analogous to the force that
attracts iron or steel to permanent magnets.
 In those cases, reluctance is minimized when the
magnet and metal come into physical contact.
RELUCTANCE

 Magnetic reluctance, or magnetic resistance, is a

concept used in the analysis of magnetic circuits.
 It is analogous to resistance in an electrical
circuits, but rather than dissipating electric energy
it stores magnetic energy.
 In likeness to the way an electric field causes
an electric current to follow the path of least
resistance, a magnetic field causes magnetic
flux to follow the path of least magnetic reluctance
RELUCTANCE MOTOR-DEFINITION

 A reluctance motor is a type of electric

motor that induces non-permanent magnetic
poles on the ferromagnetic rotor. Torque is
generated through the phenomenon
of magnetic reluctance.
ADVANTAGES

 Reluctance motors can deliver very high power

density at low cost, making them ideal for many
applications.

 Washing machines.
 Control rod drive mechanisms of nuclear reactors.
DISADVANTAGES

 Disadvantages are high Torque Ripple (the

difference between maximum and minimum
torque during one revolution) when operated at
low speed, and
 Noise caused by torque ripple
CLASSIFICATION

 Synchronous reluctance motor

 Variable reluctance motor or Switched

Reluctance Motor
SYNCHRONOUS RELUCTANCE MOTOR

 Synchronous reluctance motors have an equal

number of stator and rotor poles.
 As the rotor is operating at synchronous speed
and there are no current-conducting parts in
the rotor, rotor losses are minimal compared to
those of an induction motor
 Once started at synchronous speed, the motor
can operate with sinusoidal voltage. Speed
control requires a variable frequency drive.
VARIABLE RELUCTANCE MOTOR

 The switched reluctance motor (SRM) is a form

of stepper motor that uses fewer poles. The SRM
has the lowest construction cost of any industrial
electric motor because of its simple structure.
 Common uses for an SRM include applications
where the rotor must be held stationary for long
periods, and in potentially explosive
environments such as mining because it does not
have a mechanical commutator.
SUMMARY

 Conventional Electrical Machines are mainly

used bulk energy conversions.
 Special Electrical Machines- invented for
specific control applications.
 Reluctance motors
 Synchronous reluctance Motor
 Switched reluctance Motor
SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR

 The Switched reluctance motor is an electric

motor in which torque is produced by the
tendency of its moveable part to move to a
position where the inductance of the excited
winding is maximized.
CONSTRUCTION
CONTINUED

 It has wound field coils of a DC motor for its

stator windings and has no coils or magnets on
its rotor.
 It can be seen that both the stator and rotor
have salient poles; hence, the machine is a
doubly salient machine.
STATOR

 Built by stacking suitably punched silicon

laminations to appropriate length.
 Has salient poles.

 Poles carry concentric windings.

 The coils on the opposite poles are connected

in series to form phases.
ROTOR

 The rotor contains no windings or permenant

magnet.
 Build up of steel laminations and laminations
are stacked to the shaft.
DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS
WORKING PRINCIPLE

 The rotor is aligned whenever the diametrically

opposite stator poles are excited.
 In a magnetic circuit, the rotating part prefers
to come to the minimum reluctance position at
the instance of excitation. While two rotor poles
are aligned to the two stator poles, another set
of rotor poles is out of alignment with respect
to a different set of stator poles.
 Then, this set of stator poles is excited to bring
the rotor poles into alignment.
CONTD…
CONTD…

 the movement of the rotor, hence the

production of torque and power, involves a
switching of currents into stator windings when
there is a variation of reluctance, this variable
speed motor is referred to as a switched
reluctance motor (SRM).
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 DESIGN ASPECTS OF STATOR AND ROTOR POLE ARC

 s = Stator Pole Arc

 s = Stator Slot Arc

 r = Rotor Pole Arc

 r = Rotor Slot Arc

 s + s = 360 / Ns

 r + r = 360/ Nr

 Ns, Nr - Stator projections and Rotor projections respectively.

 Step Angle = (1/ Nr – 1/ Ns ) * 360

AIR GAP INDUCTANCE

 Tc= No of turns
 R= radius of the rotor at air gap

 g= gap length; = overlap angle

AIR GAP INDUCTANCE

 Lphase= 2 Lcoil
SPEED EQUATION

 Speed (rpm)= f * step angle in deg. * no of stator phases * 60

360

f- switching frequency
LAWRENSON ANALYSIS

 Method to select the tooth and slot

dimensions of the stator and the rotor so as to
obtain feasible and optimised values for Lmax
and Lmin.

 Torque = dL/dt * I2
CONTD…

 To allow a quick build up of the current from a

voltage source, it is desirable that the winding be
switched when the inductance is low and fairly
constant.
 This is possible only when the stator pole arc is
less than the rotor slot width.
 s Should be less than 2/Ns

 s < r or s > r ??

s < αs ; Larger stator slot width allow more

ampere-conductors.
 so s < r
 s > Step angle, ε
R POHL. THEORY OF PULSATING MACHINES

 rotor tooth arc be chosen as appox. 40% of the

rotor slot pitch for maximizing the difference
Lmax - Lmin.
FOR 8:6 SRM
 Rotor slot pitch= 360/Nr= 60

 so r = 24; r = 36

 Now s < 24 and > step angle 15

 s + s = 360 / Ns ie 45; So s > 21
 assume
 so s = 21 so s = 21
DWELL ANGLE

 So dwell angle,
TUTORIAL

 A four phase eight pole switched reluctance

motor has six rotor teeth. Find the step angle
and commutation frequency.
 A three-phase SRM has six stator poles and
four rotor teeth. Draw the feasible zone for
stator and rotor pole arcs. Design the pole arc
and rotor tooth arc. Sketch the L-θ profile.
SRM DRIVE SYSTEM
COMPONENTS

 Converter Topology
 Position Sensors

 Control Circuitry
POWER CONVERTER FOR SRM
ASYMMETRIC BRIDGE CONVERTER
 When T1 and T2 are ON Va1a2= V

 When T1 and T2 are OFF Va1a2= -V

Ie D1 and D2 become forward biased and
send power back to the dc bus.

 When T1 or T2 is OFF Va1a2= 0 V, current free

wheels during this period.
N+1 SWITCHING DEVICES AND N+1 DIODES

 Higher torque ripple

 Higher switching stress for T
BIFILAR TYPE CONVERTER TOPOLOGY

 Poor copper utilization

 Voltage spikes due to imperfect coupling
C-DUMP CIRCUIT
POWER CONVERTER

 A three-phase, 6/4-pole reluctance machine, in

which i is the current of a single phase
POSITION SENSORS

 In the SRM drives, rotor position is essential for

the stator phase commutation and advanced
angle control. The rotor position is usually
acquired by the position sensors.
 The commonly used position sensors are
phototransistors and photodiodes, Hall
elements, magnetic sensors, pulse encoders
and variable differential transformers.