Sandhi 1

Rules of external sandhi for anusvàra:

1. Word-final m  ü before a word-initial

consonant:
devam + paśyati `s/he sees the god'
devaü paśyati
devam + dadarśa `s/he saw the god'
devaü dadarśa
pårvam + sattvam `the former existence'
pårvaü sattvam
 Rules of external sandhi for anusvàra:
2. Optionally, ü becomes a homorganic nasal
before a following consonant:
ü  ï before a velar consonant
ü  ¤ before a palatal consonant
ü  õ before a retroflex consonant
ü  n before a dental consonant
ü  m before a labial consonant
devaü + dadarśa `s/he saw the
god'
devan dadarśa
This assimilation takes place neither before
the fricatives (ś, ù, s, h) nor before r, and
happens only rarely before the other
semivowels:
ü   before y
ü   before v
ü  l before l
aśvaü + vinà `without a horse'
aśva vinà (written Añv!~
ivna )
 Rules of external sandhi for
visarga:

1.A word-final visarga remains unchanged

before a word-initial labial or velar
voiceless stop:
yaśaþ + pràpa `s/he obtained fame'
yaśaþ pràpa
puruùaþ + khanati `the man digs'
puruùaþ khanati
 Rules of external sandhi for
visarga:
2. s before t, th, sometimes s:
Word-finally, þ  ù before ñ, ñh, sometime ù:
÷ before c, ch, sometimes ÷:

aśvaþ + tiùñhati `the horse stands'

aśvas tiùñhati
taiþ + ñaïkaiþ `with those hoes'
taiù ñaïkaiþ
tataþ + ca `and then'
tataś ca
 Rules of external sandhi for
visarga:
3. Word-final àþ  à before any voiced sound:
devàþ + gacchanti `the gods go'
devà gacchanti
devàþ + àsate `the gods sit'
devà àsate
 Rules of external sandhi for
visarga:
4.Word-final aþ  o before any voiced
consonant:
devaþ + gacchati `the god goes'
devo gacchati
devaþ + rocate `the god shines'
devo rocate
Rules of external sandhi for
visarga:
5. Word-final aþ  a before any vowel
other than short a:
devaþ + àste `the god sits'
deva àste
devaþ + iha `the god here'
deva iha
 Rules of external sandhi for
visarga:
6. When word-final aþ is followed by a, aþ 
o and the following a is elided (where elision
is indicated by the used of the avagraha):
devaþ + asti `he is a god'
devo 'sti (written devae =iSt )
Rules of external sandhi for
visarga:
7. Before a consonant, the words saþ `that' and
eùaþ `this' behave exceptionally. Optionally,
they lose their final þ before any consonant
(voiced or voiceless):
saþ + gacchati `that one goes'
sa gacchati
eùaþ + puruùaþ `this
man'
eùa puruùaþ
 A rule of internal sandhi
converting n to õ

n  õ when it is preceded in the

same word by r, ù, or é, and is
immediately followed by a vowel,
semivowel, or nasal, provided that a
palatal, retroflex, or dental consonant
doesn't intervene between the
r/ù/é and the n.
 A rule of internal sandhi
converting n to õ
né- + -nàm `of men (gen. pl.)'
néõàm
brahman- + -ya- `pious'
brahmaõya-
ràjàn- + -aþ `kings (nom. pl.)'
ràjànaþ