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BAHAN PANGAN
Covalent bond
H H H
O
O
H H
:O
:
CH2
O
:
H H CH O: H O
:O
:
H CH CH O: H
O H CH CH H
H O:
H :O H
:
:
O H H O
H H
• Tekanan atmosfir :
Cair (suhu > 0oC)
Es/beku (suhu 0oC) Titik beku
Uap (suhu 100oC) Titik didih
Densitas = 1 g/ml
Physical Constants
Molecular weight 18.0153
Melting point at 1 atm 0.0oC
Boiling point at 1 atm 100oC
Heat of fusion at 0oC 6.012 kJ (1.436 kcal)/mol
1 atm
Cair Gas
Tekanan
Padat
Triple
0.0098oC
point 4.6 Torr
Sublimasi
Deposisi
Struktur: Hexagonal (1
molekul H2O dapat
mengikat 4 molekul H2O
yang berdekatan)
Densitas: 0.92 g/ml
(mengapung dalam air)
Volume: 1/11 kali lebih
besar dibandingkan air
V
100 Liquid
H2O C
M
0
Ice F
Freeze Dryer
Suhu produk diturunkan
product water
collected as
sehingga air membeku.
vapor
water vapor Tekanan diturunkan
sehingga dapat menye-
dry product
ice interface
babkan sublimasi es
product ice menjadi uap.
heat input
Freeze dryer digunakan
vacuum chamber untuk pengeringan
produk pangan, meng-
hasilkan produk yang
bermutu baik
Most bacteria, some yeasts, pathogenic aw Fresh meat, fish, vegetables, etc. Foods with
and spoilage organisms <40% (w/w) sucrose or <7%(w/w) NaCl
>0.95
Most cocci, lactobacilli, some molds, Salmonella Bread, cooked sausages, medium
lactic acid bacteria is major spoilage flora 0.91-0.95 aged cheese
Microbial growth
Most yeasts, mycotoxin-producing molds, Salami, old cheese, foods with 65% (w/w)
0.87-0.90 sucrose or 15% NaCl
spoilage often by molds and yeast
Dried beef, sweet condensed milk,
Staphylococcus aureus may grow >0.86 cereals with 15% water
Most mold, no growth of pathogenic bacteria Jam, marmalade, old salami, foods with
0.80-0.87 26% (w/w) NaCl
Osmophilic yeast
0.60-0.65 Breakfast cereals, snack foods, food
powders
No
growth <0.65
Water Activity
Bakteri (0.91)
Bakteri halofilik (0.75)
Khamir (0.88)
Khamir osmofilik (0.60)
Kapang (0.80)
Kapang Serofilik (0.65)
Proses rehidrasi