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Introduction to LTE
Feature 2.0
ISSMS 4.0
www.huawei.com
1. Initial access1.from
Initial access from RRC_IDLE
RRC_IDLE
2. Initial access after RLF (Radio Link Failure)
2. Initial access3.after radio link failure
Handover (HO)
3. Handover (HO) 4. Arrival of DL data during
4. Arrival of DLRRC_CONNECTED but UL non-
data during RRC_CONNECTED but UL non-
synchronization
synchronization
5. Arrival of UL data during
5. Arrival of ULRRC_CONNECTED
data during RRC_CONNECTED
but UL non- but UL non-
synchronization
synchronization
UE eNB
UE eNB
3 Scheduled Transmission
CP Sequence
TCP TSEQ
In the frequency domain, a preamble uses the bandwidth for six RBs, that is, 6 x 12 x 15 = 1.08 MHz.
Frequencies to be used are configured by the upper layer.
In the time domain, the time duration is determined by the preamble format. Different starting
subframes are set for PRACHs according to the 3GPP protocol.
The RA preamble has five formats, which are applicable to cells in various radius specifications. The
UE can automatically select preamble formats according to the cell radius.
The requirements on the sequence comprising the preamble are two-fold: good correlation
properties to allow precise arrival time estimation and low correlation with other preambles to
suppress interference from other mobiles. A sequence that has ideal such properties is the
Zadoff-Chu sequence (root sequence).
RootSequ Root Indicates the logical root sequence index, which is 0~837 None ADD CELL
enceIdx sequence used to derive the preamble sequence. Each MOD CELL
index logical root sequence corresponds to a physical LST CELL
root sequence. For the mapping between logical DSP CELL
root sequences and physical root sequences, see
3GPP TS 36.211.
HighSpee High speed Indicates whether the cell supports UE with high LOW_SPEED, LOW_SPEED The same as
dFlag flag mobility. HIGH_SPEED, above
ULTRA_HIGH
_SPEED
Preamble Preamble Indicates the preamble format used in the cell. For 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 0 The same as
Fmt format details, see 3GPP TS 36.211. above
CellRadius Cell Radius Indicates the radius of the cell. 1~100000 10000m The same as
above
Inter-frequency Handover
Handover between two LTE cells on different frequencies.
Inter-frequency measurements are triggered by UE measurements. As a UE moves from its
serving cell to a neighboring cell on a different frequency, when signal quality in the serving cell
drops below a certain threshold, this triggers coverage-based inter-frequency measurements.
Inter-RAT Handover
Handover from LTE cells to GSM/WCDMA/TD-SCDMA/CDMA2000 cells.
Inter-RAT measurements are triggered by UE measurements. As a UE moves out of the area
covered by the LTE system, when signal quality in the serving cell drops below a certain
threshold, this triggers coverage-based inter-RAT measurements.
Reporting
Event-triggered periodic reporting
Note
This presentation uses the common type intra-
frequency handover for example.
Inter-frequency and inter-RAT handover
procedures are similar.
Leaving condition:
Parameters
Mn and Ms are the measurement results of the
neighboring and serving cells, respectively.
Ofn and Ofs are the frequency specific offsets for
the neighboring and serving cells, respectively.
Ocn and Ocs are the cell specific offsets for the
Measurement Quantity
neighboring and serving cells, respectively.
Hys is the hysteresis for event A3. RSRP, RSRQ, or both
Off is the offset for event A3.
Measurement Reporting
Event-triggered periodic reporting
Execution
The eNodeB triggers a handover to the target cell with the best signal quality.
There are four possible scenarios:
Inter-eNodeB intra-MME handover in the presence of X2. Signaling messages and
packet data are transmitted over the X2 interface between the eNodeBs.
Inter-eNodeB intra-MME handover in the absence of X2. Signaling messages and
packet data are transmitted over the S1 interface.
Inter-eNodeB inter-MME handover in the presence of X2. Signaling messages are
transmitted over the S1 interface and EPC, and packet data is forwarded over the X2
interface.
Inter-eNodeB inter-MME handover in the absence of X2. Signaling messages and
packet data are transmitted over the S1 interface and EPC.
HoAlgSwitch HoAlgSwitch This parameter is Bit field type, indicate what kind IntraFreqHoSwitch, IntraFreq MOD
of coverage based handover algorithms are InterFreqHoSwitch, HoSwitch ENODEBALG
enabled. CDMA1XRTTHoSwitch, OSWITCH
CDMAHRPDHoSwitch, LST
GERANHoSwitch, ENODEBALG
UTRANHoSwitch, OSWITCH
GERANNotNACCSwitch,
GERANNACCSwitch,
CDMAOMTSwitch
INTRAFRE A3 Indicates the quantity used to evaluate the RSRP, RSRQ RSRP MOD
QHOA3TRI measurement triggering condition for the intra-frequency INTRARATHO
GQUAN trigger handover event. The quantity can be RSRP or LST
quantity RSRQ. INTRARATHO
QoffsetFreq Intra Indicates the specific frequency offset of the -24, -22, -20, -18, -16, -14, - 0 (dB) ADD CELL
Frequency serving cell. This parameter is contained in the 12, -10, -8, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, MOD CELL
offset intra-frequency measurement control information -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, LST CELL
and is related to the handover difficulty between the 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 DSP CELL
serving cell and the neighboring cell. For details, (dB)
see 3GPP TS 36.331.
IntraFreqHoA Intrafreq Indicates the time-to-trigger for intra-frequency 0ms, 40ms, 640ms MOD
3TimeToTrig handover time handover event A3. 64ms, 80ms, INTRARATHOQCI
to trigger When detecting that the signal quality in the serving 100ms, 128ms, LST
cell and that in at least one neighboring cell meet the 160ms, 256ms, INTRARATHOQCI
entering condition, the UE does not send a 320ms, 512ms,
measurement report to the eNodeB immediately. 480ms, 640ms,
Instead, the UE sends a report only when the signal 1024ms,
quality continuously meets the entering condition 1280ms,
during the time-to-trigger. 2560ms,
5120ms
EutranFilterC EUTRAN Indicates the L3 filtering coefficient used for RSRP in FC0, FC1, FC2, FC6 MOD
oeffRSRP RSRP filter E-UTRAN measurements. FC3, FC4, FC5, HOMEASCOMM
coefficient A great value of this parameter indicates a strong FC6, FC7, FC8, LST
smoothing effect and a high anti-fast-fading capability, FC9, FC11, HOMEASCOMM
but a low signal change tracing capability. For details, FC13, FC15,
see 3GPP TS 36.331. FC17, FC19
IntraFreqHoA Intrafreq Indicates the hysteresis to be used in the triggering 0~30 (* 0.5dB) 4 (* 0.5dB) MOD
3Hyst handover condition for the intra-frequency handover event. This INTRARATHOQCI
hysteresis parameter helps reduce the number of times the LST
event is triggered because of radio signal fluctuation. INTRARATHOQCI
For details, see 3GPP TS 36.331. Actual value = GUI
value x 0.5
IntraFreqHoA3O Intrafreq Indicates the quality offset of the -30~30 (* 0.5dB) 4 (* 0.5dB) MOD INTRARATHOQCI
ffset handover neighboring cell over the serving cell to LST INTRARATHOQCI
offset be used in the triggering condition of the
intra-frequency handover event. The
larger the value of this parameter is, the
better quality the neighboring cell should
have before the handover is triggered.
For details, see 3GPP TS 36.331.
Actual value = GUI value x 0.5
CellIndividualOff Cell individual Indicates the offset of the intra- -24, -22, -20, -18, 0 (dB) ADD
set offset frequency neighboring cell. This -16, -14, -12, -10, EUTRANINTRAFREQNCELL
parameter is used to control the -8, -6, -5, -4, -3, - MOD
reporting of intra-frequency 2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, EUTRANINTRAFREQNCELL
measurement events. The larger the 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, LST
value of this parameter, the more easily 14, 16, 18, 20, EUTRANINTRAFREQNCELL
the intra-frequency measurement events 22, 24 (dB)
are reported. For details, see 3GPP TS
36.331.
Purposes
Ensuring the service quality
Power control is performed to adjust the transmit power so that the service quality just meets
the requirement for the BLER, thereby avoiding wastes of power
Reducing the interference
The interference with a cell mainly comes from its neighboring cells. Power control reduce the
interference from the neighboring cells.
Lowering power consumption
Uplink power control lowers the power consumption of UEs, and downlink power control lowers
the power consumption of eNodeBs. Expanding coverage and capacity
Then:
EA = PA + ERS = -3dB + 18dBm =
15dBm
EB = PB (in dB)+ PA + ERS = 0dB -3dB +
18dBm = 15dBm
For the symbol 1,2,3,5,6, There are 600 EA in 50 RBs (Resource Block), and the
total power can be : 15dBm * 600 = 31.6228 (mw) *600 = 18.9737 (W)
For the symbol 0,4, There are 100 ERS and 400 EB in 50 RBs (Resource Block), and
the total power can be : 18dBm * 100 + 15dBm * 400 = 63.0957 (mw)*100 +
31.6228 (mw) *400 = 18.9587 (W)
ReferenceSignalPwr Reference Indicates the reference signal power of [-60, 50] 18.2 MOD PDSCHCFG
Signal Power the cell. For details, see 3GPP TS LST PDSCHCFG
36.213.
PaCenterUe PaCenterUe Indicates the PA value of the cell center -6,-4.77,-3, -6 LST CELLDLPCPDSCH
UEs , when the DL ICIC is enabled. -1.77,0,1,2,3 MOD
CELLDLPCPDSCH
PaEdgeUe PaEdgeUe Indicates the PA value of the cell edge -6,-4.77,-3, -1.77 LST CELLDLPCPDSCH
UEs , when the DL ICIC is enabled. -1.77,0,1,2,3 MOD
CELLDLPCPDSCH
PbchPwr PBCH Power Indicates the power offset of the cell -15.875~15.875 -3dB in normal MOD CELLCHPWRCFG
PBCH channel compared with the scenarios and LST CELLCHPWRCFG
reference signals. peak-rate tests,
or 0 in the tests
on the maximum
cell radius
PcfichPwr Pcfich Power Indicates the power offset of the cell -15.875~15.875 -3dB in normal MOD CELLCHPWRCFG
PCFICH channel in relation to the scenarios and LST CELLCHPWRCFG
reference signals. peak-rate tests,
or 0 in the tests
on the maximum
cell radius
PhichPcOff PhichPcOff Indicates the power offset of the -15~15 0 MOD CELLDLPCPHICH
PHICH TX power compared with the
reference signals when the power
control for the PHICH is disabled.
RaRespPwr RaResp Power Indicates the power offset of the -15.875~15.875 0 MOD CELLCHPWRCFG
PDSCH between transmitting the LST CELLCHPWRCFG
random access response and the
reference signals.
PagingPwr Paging Power Indicates the power offset of the -15.875~15.875 0 MOD CELLCHPWRCFG
PDSCH between transmitting the LST CELLCHPWRCFG
paging messages and the reference
signals.
DbchPwr Dbch Power Indicates the power offset of -15.875~15.875 -3 dB in normal MOD CELLCHPWRCFG
transmitting broadcast signals on the scenarios and LST CELLCHPWRCFG
PDSCH channel compared with that of peak-rate tests,
the reference signals. or 0 in the tests
on the
maximum cell
radius
PdcchBndPcSw PdcchBndPcSw Indicates the switch that is used to OFF, ON OFF MOD CELLDLPCPDCCH
enable and disable power control
applied to the PDCCH carrying
dedicated control information. If this
parameter is set to ON, the PDCCH
power is adjusted dynamically when
the channel quality is extremely good
or bad.
DlPcAlgoSwitch Downlink Indicates the switch of the DL power PdschPcSwitch, PdschPcSwitch MOD CELLALGOSWITCH
Power Control control algorithm. PdschSpsPcSw :Off,
Algorithm PdschPcSwitch is the PDSCH power itch, PdschSpsPcSw
Switch control switch. PhichPcSwitch, itch:Off,
PdschSpsPcSwitch is the switch PhichInnerLoop PhichPcSwitch:
corresponding to PDSCH power PcSwitch, Off,
control in semi-persistent scheduling PdschNmaxAdj PhichInnerLoop
mode. ustSwitch PcSwitch:Off,
PhichPcSwitch is the PHICH power PdschNmaxAdj
control switch. ustSwitch:Off
PhichInnerLoopPcSwitch is the PHICH
inner-loop power control switch.
PdschNmaxAdjustSwitch is the switch
corresponding to Nmax adjustment for
PDSCH
PO_PUSCH ( j )
: target signal power expected by the eNodeB in the reference transport format (TF) of PUSCH
PL : downlink path loss estimated by the UE, calculated using the measured RSRP and cell-specific RS
TF (i) : power offset between each MCS and the reference MCS
f (i ) : adjustment to the PUSCH power at the UE, calculated based on the TPC information in PDCCH
PO_NOMINAL_PUSCH ( j ) is the PUSCH transmit power expected by the eNodeB during normal PUSCH demodulation.
PO_UE_PUSCH( j ) is the power offset of the UE relative to PO_NOMINAL_PUSCH ( j ), reflecting the impact of UE category,
service type and channel quality on the PUSCH transmit power at the UE.
PL : downlink path loss estimated by the UE, calculated using the measured RSRP and cell-
specific RS
hnCQI , nHARQ : determined by the PUCCH format. n
CQI is the number of information bits in CQI; n HARQ the
number in HARQ. It reflects the effect of CQI and HARQ bit counts on power.
g (i ) : adjustment to the PUCCH power at the UE, calculated based on TPC information on PDCCH
PO_NOMINAL_PUCCH
is the target signal power expected by the eNodeB for the reference transport format.
PO_UE_PUCCH
is the power offset of the UE relative to the cell-level PO_NOMINAL_PUCCH , reflecting the impact of
UE category, service type and channel quality on the PUCCH transmit power at the UE.
PO_pre : target power expected by the eNodeB when the PRACH preamble format is 0 and the requirements for
PL : downlink path loss estimated by the UE, calculated using the measured RSRP and cell-specific RS
preamble : power offset for the current preamble format relative to preamble format 0
N pre : total number of preambles sent by UE during RA process. It cannot exceed the maximum number.
step : preamble power ramping step
PL
Process Outline
O_pre P step
The eNodeB sets the expected receive power for the initial preamble. The UE calculates path loss
based on RS power. The eNodeB sends and to the UE through system information.
The UE calculates the correct RA preamble power. If an RA attempt receives no response, the UE
increases PRACH power by one step for the next attempt.
UlPcAlgo Uplink Power Indicates the switch of the UL power control CloseLoopS CloseLoopSp MOD
Switch Control algorithm. psSwitch, sSwitch: OFF CELLALGOSWI
CloseLoopSpsSwitch is the switch InnerLoopPus
Algorithm InnerLoopPu TCH
corresponding to closed-loop power control in chSwitch:
Switch semi-persistent scheduling mode. schSwitch,
OFF
InnerLoopPuschSwitch is the switch PhSinrTarUp
PhSinrTarUpd
corresponding to inner-loop power control in dateSwitch, ateSwitch:
dynamic scheduling mode. InnerLoopPu OFF
PhSinrTarUpdateSwitch is the switch InnerLoopPuc
cchSwitch,
corresponding to PH-based SINR target update chSwitch: ON
in dynamic scheduling mode. OiSinrTarUp
OiSinrTarUpd
InnerLoopPucchSwitch is the PUCCH inner-loop dateSwitch,
ateSwitch:
power control switch. PuschNmax OFF
OiSinrTarUpdateSwitch is the switch AdjustSwitch PuschNmaxA
corresponding to OI-based SINR target update in djustSwitch:
dynamic scheduling mode. OFF
PuschNmaxAdjustSwitch is the switch
corresponding to Nmax adjustment for PUSCH.
Alpha Alpha Indicates compensation factor of the path loss. It 0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7 MOD
is used in the UL power control procedure. For 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, CELLULPCCOM
details, see 3GPP TS 36.213. 0.9, 1 M
P0Nomina P0 Nominal Indicates the nominal PUCCH P0, which is used -127~-96 -105 (dBm) MOD
lPUCCH PUCCH in the UL power control procedure. For details, (dBm) CELLULPCCOM
see 3GPP TS 36.213-860. M
OFF MOD
CELLALG ULPCALGOS Indicates the switch for updating the inner loop OFF ON CELLALGOSWI
OSWITCH
HUAWEIWITCH(OiSinr
TECHNOLOGIES power
CO.,control
LTD. for the PUSCH based
Huawei on the OI in
Confidential Page 43 TCH
TarUpdateSwit dynamic
Uplink Power Control - Key Parameters (2)
ID Name Desciption Range Recom MML
mended
Value
P0NominalPUSCH P0 Nominal PUSCH Indicates the nominal -126~24 -67 MOD CELLULPCCOMM
PUSCH P0, which is used (dBm) (dBm)
in the UL power control
procedure. For details, see
3GPP TS 36.213-860.
PSrsOffsetDeltaMc PSRSOFFSETDELTA Power boost between -3,-2,-1, 0,1,2,3, 4,5,6,7, -3(dB) MOD CELLULPCDEDIC
sEnable MCSENABLE sounding and PUSCH when 8,9,10, 11,12 LST CELLULPCDEDIC
DELTAMCSENABLED is
set to enable
Types of ICIC
Dynamic ICIC and static ICIC: The classification depends on the need for dynamic adjustments of
resources on edge bands.
Uplink ICIC and downlink ICIC: are both implemented by the eNodeB.
When the cell edge load is high, more edge bandwidth is assigned.
When increasing edge bandwidth, the eNodeB evaluates interference from neighboring
cells and performs interference coordination on the neighboring cells causing greatest
interference.
When the cell edge load is low, the edge bandwidth is reduced.
When reducing edge bandwidth, the eNodeB removes most recently added bandwidth first.
When UEs access a cell initially, they are CCUs as default. When UEs
access a cell by handover, they are CEUs.
When entering A3 event, that is, the eNodeB receives a measurement
report of RSRP contains both the serving and neighboring cells from this UE,
the UE is treated as a CEU.
When leaving A3 event , that is, the eNodeB receives a measurement report
of RSRP only with the serving cell from this UE, the UE is treated as a CCU .
During network planning, the operating band in each cell is divided into an edge
band and a center band. Edge bands in neighboring cells are orthogonal.
Downlink ICIC evaluates cell load and determines whether to block RBs. If some
RBs on the center band are blocked, interference on neighboring cells is reduced.
Based on cell load and RSRP reported by UEs, the eNodeB adjusts UE types.
When UEs access a cell initially , they are CCUs as default. When UEs access a
cell by handover, they are CEUs.
During network planning, the uplink operating band in each cell is divided into an edge
band and a center band. Edge bands in neighboring cells are orthogonal.
Based on RSRP measurement reports from UEs, the eNodeB divides UEs into CEUs
and CCUs, and informs the scheduler.
Neighboring cells continually check themselves for interference. When interference
exceeds the OI threshold, a cell sends an OI message to all neighboring cells. When a
serving cell receives an OI message, it checks its validity and executes the necessary
adjustments.
Based on RSRP measurement reports from UEs, the eNodeB divides UEs into CEUs and
CCUs, and informs the scheduler.
The eNodeB maps band division information into HII messages and sends them to
neighboring cells (HII target cells). The eNodeB of the serving cell (HII source cell) then
continually adjusts its edge-band bandwidth according to edge-band load and its
neighboring cell list. Then, the eNodeB informs the scheduler.
Neighboring cells continually check themselves for interference. When interference exceeds
the OI threshold, a cell sends an OI message to all neighboring cells. When a serving cell
receives an OI message, it checks its validity and executes the necessary adjustments.
Procedure:
Based on RSRP measurement reports from UEs, the eNodeB divides UEs into CEUs and CCUs, and
informs the scheduler.
Neighboring cell list is managed based on RSRP and HII messages. Intra-eNodeB coordination
covers intra-eNodeB cells on the cell-level neighboring cell list.
Neighboring cells continually check themselves for interference. When interference exceeds the OI
threshold, a cell sends an OI message to all neighboring cells. When a serving cell receives an OI
message, it checks its validity and executes the necessary adjustments.
UE types and neighboring cell information are inputs to the scheduler. The scheduler determines
which neighboring cell is causing the interference, and then decides for each CEU to use either odd
or even sub-frames only.
OI X2
cell 3 cell 5
cell 1
cell 4
HII
cell 2 exchange message between
two cells by X2 interface
HII X2 HII
HII
cell 3 cell 1 cell 5
HII
cell 4
DlIcicAlgoSwitch DlIcicAlgoSwitch Indicates the DL ICIC algorithm switch. There are DlIcicSwitch_OF DlIcicSwit MOD
four states. F_ENUM(), ch_OFF_ ENODEBALGOSWI
DlIcicSwitch_OFF:Indicates that the DL ICIC DlIcicDynamicS ENUM() TCH
algorithm is disabled. witch_ON_ENU LST
DlIcicDynamicSwitch_ON:Indicates that the M(), ENODEBALGOSWI
dynamic DL ICIC algorithm is enabled. DlIcicStaticSwitc TCH
DlIcicStaticSwitch_ON:Indicates that the static DL h_ON_ENUM(),
ICIC algorithm is enabled. DlIcicReuse3Swi
DlIcicReuse3Switch_ON:Indicates that the DL tch_ON_ENUM()
ICIC Reuse3 algorithm is enabled. In this case, all
UEs are scheduled on the edge frequency band
defined by the statistic ICIC scheme. That is, all
UEs in one cell use one third of the total frequency
band.
UlicicFreqSwitch UlIcicFreqSwitch Indicates the switch that is used to enable and {OFF, STATIC, OFF MOD
disable UL ICIC in the frequency domain. When DYNAMIC} ENODEBALGOSWI
this switch is set to OFF, UL ICIC in the frequency TCH
domain is disabled in the cells under the eNodeB. LST
When this switch is set to STATIC, static UL ICIC ENODEBALGOSWI
in the frequency domain is enabled in the cells TCH
under the eNodeB. When this switch is set to
DYNAMIC, dynamic UL ICIC in the frequency
domain is enabled in the cells under the eNodeB.
Overview
When LTE is using shared channels, time-frequency resources are
dynamically shared. How does the eNodeB allocate resources? Through
scheduling. Scheduling is the process of allocating time-frequency
resources to UEs based on service type, data volume, and channel
quality.
Scheduling for both uplink and downlink is completed at the MAC layer.
Objectives
The objectives of scheduling are to transmit as much data as possible
over good quality connections and maximize capacity, while also meeting
QoS requirements.
QoS
Scheduling Modes
Dynamic scheduling. The eNodeB makes a scheduling decision every TTI and informs all UEs
to be scheduled. One TTI is 1 ms.
Semi-persistent scheduling. Within a preset semi-persistent scheduling period (20 ms for the
Huawei eNodeB), a single user will use the same time-frequency resources until they are
released. Semi-persistent scheduling is usually used for services with fixed bit rates, periodic
data arrival and small delays, such as VoIP. This type of scheduling can reduces signaling
overhead.
Scheduling Policies
Huawei eNodeB supports three basic scheduling policies: Max C/I, Round Robin (RR), and
Proportional Fair (PF). It also supports one enhanced policy: Enhanced PF (EPF).
In the basic policies, all services use dynamic scheduling. In EPF, only VoIP uses semi-
persistent scheduling.
In actual network deployment, EPF is generally used.
Procedure
Scheduling priorities in descending order: VoIP services, control plane data/IMS signaling
messages, data to be retransmitted, and other initially transmitted data services.
The scheduler uses semi-persistent scheduling for VoIP services and dynamic scheduling for
other data.
Control plane data is second in priority only to VoIP. It is dynamically scheduled. Control plane
data includes common control messages and UE level control messages. The scheduling of
IMS signaling messages is consistent with UE level control message processing (SRB1, SRB2).
Procedure
Scheduling priorities in descending order: VoIP services, control plane data/IMS signaling messages,
data to be retransmitted, and other initially transmitted data services.
The scheduler uses semi-persistent scheduling for VoIP services and dynamic scheduling for other
data.
Control plane data is second in priority only to VoIP. It is dynamically scheduled. Control plane data
includes common control messages and UE level control messages. The scheduling of IMS signaling
messages is consistent with UE level control message processing (SRB1, SRB2).