PUNYETA!

A REVIEW:
U.S. v SPAIN
• US has a lot of investments and
businesses in Cuba, Spain does not
want Cuba to be annexed by the US.
• When the USS Maine blew up on
February 15, 1898 the war started
• The Major war happened in the
harbour of Manila Bay
• It Lasted only for a few months and
was ended with the signing of
Treaty of Paris
A REVIEW:
Treaty of Paris
• Article I states that Spanish surrenders
sovereignty of Cuba to the US
• Article II sates that Porto Rico and other
islands and other islands under Spanish
sovereignty in the West Indies and the
Island of Guam is ceded to the US
• Article III states that Spain surrenders
the PH to the US
• Also in Article III Americans will pay
Spain the sum of $ 20,000,000.00
EFFECTS TO THE PHILIPPINE CULTURE
Religious Freedom – During Spanish rule the Catholic
Church was established as the National Religion and was
strongly enforced.
• Cooper Act of 1902 – Which establishes a Bill of Rights
for the Filipinos that protects their rights, one of it
would be to practice their religion

Free Education - Americans introduced free education to

the Philippine Islands. The U.S. sent teachers to establish
schools. These groups were called “Thomasites”
EFFECTS TO THE PHILIPPINE CULTURE
The English Language – English had been
taught in schools in that time.

Clothing – Some of these included belts,

suspenders, polo shirts, make-up etc.
SEDITION LAW IN THE
PHILIPPINES
During the American Period
Sedition Law (1901)
Also known as: Act No. 292, Enacted on November 4, 1901

Relevant Part:

SEC. 3. Every person who incites, sets on foot, assists, or

engages in any rebellion or insurrection against the
authority of the United States or of the Government of the
Philippine Islands, or the laws thereof, or who gives aid or
comfort to anyone so engaging in such rebellion or
insurrection, shall, upon conviction, be imprisoned for not
more than ten years and he lined not more than ten
thousand dollars.
So Basically…
This law was enacted on
November 4, 1901 with the intent
of forbidding Filipinos from
advocating for separation from
the United States or for their
independence.
 PLAYS DURING THE
AMERICAN COLONIZATION
 Tanikalang Guinto (1902)
Juan Abad
 Written by Juan Abad in 1902. This was first staged at
Teatro Libertad on July 7, 1902 at Batangas. This was
banned as ‘seditious’ on May 10 ,1903. Juan Abad was
imprisoned for 2 years with a $2000 fine.

 Summary: The story is about two lovers, Liwanag and

K’Ulayaw. Their marriage is being stopped by Maimbot
and Nagtapon.

 Message: Each character in the story symbolizes

something. The situations give emphasis to what is
happening to the country. It gives ruse that our country
needs to be free from the colonizers, but it will not be
attained if the Filipinos are being greedy.
 Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas (1903)
Aurelio Tolentino
 Written by Aurelio Tolentino during the American
period. First presented in Teatro Libertad in Manila on
May 14, 1903. It is an anti-imperialist play to symbolize
the previous and now present ( at the time ) colonizer/s
who leech on the motherland (Philippines).

 Summary: The play’s protagonist, Taga-ilog, is shown in

3 different act fighting against oppressors (The
colonizers) of Inang Bayan, each of these are Haring
Bata (Chinese), Dilat na Bulag (Spain) and Bagong Sibol
(America). By the 3rd Act Bagong Sibol tries to offer
friendship to Tagailog in the midst of a fight but betrays
him instead
 Hindi Ako Patay (1903)
Jose Matapang Cruz
The red sun on the Katipunan flag
that rose behind the stage caused a
riot inside the theatre. Cruz was
arrested and later imprisoned, which
he served in full.
• These Plays echoed not only national sentiments but also
as a medium for protests against the Americans. Known as
Drama Simbolico, these one-act plays came to represent a
deep and profound yearning for Freedom.
• The term drama simboliko refers to allegorical drama,
especially that which was called “seditious” by the
American Insular Government in the first decade.
• Most of the plays were banned due to their resistance to
the American-controlled government
 A Modern Filipino (1915)
Jesusa Araullo & Lino Castillejo
 A Modern Filipina is the first ever play written in Englush by
Filipinos. Written by two Teacher-students, Jesusa Araullo and Lino
Castillejo, from the Philippine Normal College (University). Staged
on December 11, 1915.
 This became grounds for future succeeding plays about the
Modern Filipina.

 Summary: This is a 3-act play about an open-minded, intelligent,

and independent Filipina who plans her future accordingly, she then
decides to accept a suitor who tries to trick her by falling out of a
tree and let her sympathize with him. Because she is “Modern” she
sees through his plan but agreed upon him because she liked him
from the start.

 Possible Message: The Filipinos, especially women, are not easily

tricked or can be bullshitted by even simple mind tricks. Filipinos
are independent and can think for themselves.
 The Husband of Mrs. Cruz (1929)
Videl Tan
Another play written in English by Filipinos.
Written by Videl Tan.

Summary: The play is a comic rendering of

elections and their effect on community and
family relationships, showed the Filipino’s ease
with the language and with the one-act play
form, and his successful adaptation of both to
Philippine subject matter and life.
 The Introduction of ‘Bodabil’
 Coming from France, Vaudeville was introduced in the
Philippines around the turn of the 20th Century. It had been
adapted by the US as a hodgepodge of assorted
entertainments, such as musical numbers, short-form comedy
and dramatic skits, and even magic acts.
 These were brought in to entertain stationed American Troops
They also entertained the natives
 It would be locally known as ‘bodabil’ due to the Filipino
pronunciation
 As early as 1901, the Teatro Zorilla would promote some of
these troupes as “Novelties in Manila
 Some performances has hidden messages for guerrillas in
order to disseminate information.
 Bodabil died in the Philippines due to the rise and popularity of
film and television
ARCHITECTURE
During the American Period
ARCHITECTURE
• In the beginning of the 20th Century, a new urban pattern that
responded to the secular goals of education, health, and governance
was imposed.
• Daniel Burnham
- Manila and Baguio
• William Parsons
- Burnham Plan.
• City Beautiful Movement (1893, Chicago World Fair), the new urban
design employed Neoclassic Architecture.
• Neoclassic Architecture
- decorative sculptural elements hosed in a pediment (by National Art
Gallery).
• Filipino Architects: Tomas Mapua, Juan Arellano, Andres Luna de
San Pedro, and Antonio Toledo.[received training in US or in Europe]
INFLUENCES IN
ARCHITECTURE
During the American Period
ITALIANATE
• The style originated in Western Europe in circa 1840-1885
reviving elements of Italian Renaissance Architecture of the
16th Century with
• Square Cupolas or towers
• Elaborate classical details
• Wide overhanging eaves with closely-spaced decorative
brackets:
• Tall and narrow square or arched windows
• L-shaped
• Arcaded porches with balustrades
• Low-pitched or Flat Roof
VICTORIAN
• Style in Europe during Queen Victoria’s reign in Great
Britain (1837-1901)
• Steep gabled roof dormers
• Cone-shaped turrets or square tower with mansard
roof
• Intricate or richly ornamented panelling, trusses
and braces
• Panelled exterior walling with either horizontal,
vertical, or diagonal design
• Wide overhanging eaves with exposed rafters ends
Cone-Shaped Towers
Steep-Gabled Roofs
Cone-Shaped Towers
Exposed Rafters Overhanging
Eaves
 MISSION REVIVAL
• Mission Revival
• Architecture movement from the US at the end of the
19th Century. Revives the style of Spanish Colonial
Revival Style
• Low-pitched roofs
• Stucco (Fine Plaster used for coating wall surfaces)
finish exterior walls
• Wide eaves with closely spaced exposed rafter end
• Frontispiece with exposed gable wall
• Imposing square towers with pyramidal roof
Low-Pitched Roofs
 Exposed-Gable Wall

Bunglalow in Makati by Ed Calma

Neoclassical
• Style that originated from Europe in the US from 1885-1925.
Revives the ideas by combining Greek and Roman Classical
Architecture with the ideas of Renaissance Architecture.
• A.k.a Classical Revival or Beaux Arts Classicism
• Incorporates grandiose symmetrical composition and
Façade.
• Colonnaded portico with grand stair and imposing
columns
• Balustraded (Railing at the side of a staircase or balcony)
Balconies
• Triangular Pediment
This is a Cornice
This is a Cornice
Manila Post Office
 Triangular Pediment

Baguio Cathedral
Balustraded Balcony
 NEOGOTHIC
• Style from Europe used in the PH later in the 19th Century. Revives the
architectural vocabulary of Gothic Architecture
• Lofty Faced
• Pointed Arches
• Soaring Spires (Conical or pyramidal structure on top of a building)
• Ribbed Vaulting (A rib vault is an architectural feature used to cover a large
interior space in a building, usually the nave of a church or cathedral, in which
the surface of the vault is divided into webs by a framework of diagonal
arched ribs.)
• Flying Buttress (Projecting support of stone or brick against a wall)
• Rich Ornamentation and Tracery
Balustraded Balcony
Ribbed Vaulting
Flying Buttress
Pointed Arches
Neo-Renaissance
• Style from Italy during the architectural style of
revival in the 19th Century
• Hip-type Tiled roof with low-pitched or
inclination
• Eaves with supporting decorative brackets
• Employment of details such as columns,
pilasters, pediments, quoins, and arches
• Often symmetrical
Pointed Arches
ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
DURING THE AMERICAN
COLNOZATION
ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING THE
AMERICAN COLONIZATION
o The arrival of new corporations and businesses caused
advertising and commercial design were in demand and
incorporated in the curriculum of fine arts schools.
o With the arrival of the new colonial power came a shift in art
patronage. The new patrons were
 Tourists; and
 Foreign investors
These new patrons favoured the Landscapes and
exotic qualities of the Philippines that show the beauty of the people
ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING THE
AMERICAN COLNOZATION
• Still life, and portrait paintings still persisted.
• Portraits were favoured by the public officials that depict
them in dignified poses
• These portraits were reserved for high ranking-officials
with a more academic approach to make the subject more
formal.
• In 1909 after the establishment of the University of the
Philippines, by the Americans, its school of Fine Arts opened
with Fabian dela Rosa as the first dean. It offered a course on
commercial design
PAINTERS AND PAINTINGS
DURING THE AMERICAN
COLONIZATION
Fabian de la Rosa
(May 5, 1869 – December 14, 1937
• He was the first painter of note for the 20th
Century.
• He was known for his realistic portraits, genre,
and landscapes characterized by restrained and
formality In brush work by the use of subdued
colors
• Fabian de la Rosa succeeded the peninsulares • His nephews are Pablo
with Rafael Enriquez as director and Fernando Amorsolo
• Peninsulares is a term used to refer to
Spanish-born residents of the Philippines
• Enrolled at the Escuela de Bellas Artes y Dibujo
• Considered brightest name in Filipino Painting
and most important for the first quarter of the
Fabian de la Rosa

Palay Maiden (1904) El Kundiman (1930)

Young Filipina (1928)

Fernando Amorolo, however,
captured attentions of both the
public and buyers and had a longer
artistic Career
Fernando Amorsolo Y
Cueto (May 30, 1892 – April 24, 1972)
• Portraitist and painter of rural landscapes.
• His pieces captured the glory of the
Philippine landscape (via golden sunlight).
• Used livelier colours.
• Captured the impactful colours and
character of the country’s sunlight.
• Art Style: Impressionism, Luminism, Realism
(Philippine genres, historical, nudes and
society portraits)
• National Artist Award in 1972
Fernando Amorsolo Y
Cueto
• Idealized Rural life of the working class
• Depicted farmers and fishermen enjoying their work
rather than facing hardship.

Making of the
Philippine Flag Dalagang Bukid
Palay Maiden (1958)
(1920)
Fernando Amorsolo Y
Cueto
• Graphic artist of “The Philippine Readers”
• On of the illustrators of “The Independent”
(a newspaper).
• Designed Ginebra San Miguel: depicts the
saint over the devil. A.k.a. [Tagalog]
“Markang Demonyo”
• Faculty member of the U.P. School of Fine
Arts (1952 – 1955)
Because of his stay in U.P., Amorsolo
influenced and created a following
there.

These people were:

Jorge Pineda
(1879 – September 12, 1946)
• His series of native indoor
games captured the life and
peacefulness of domestic
life
Jorge Pineda

Sungkaan (1924)
Ireneo Miranda
( December 15, 1896 – March 21, 1964)
• Known at one time as the
“Dean of Philippine
Cartoonists”
• This may be because he
designed labels and
advertisements for the
Pacific Commercial
Company
Ireneo Miranda

Fruit Vendors Portrait of a Lady (1952)

Dominador Castaneda
( 1904-1967)
• His paintings diverged
from the characteristic
style of the school, except
through color. Well known
for using cool tones of
white and blue
Dominador Castaneda

Bahay Kubo on Death March (1948)

the River Bank
(1952)
Pablo Cueto Amorsolo
( June 26, 1898- February 21, 1945)
• His paintings depict a variety of
images that show native and
social scenes.
• His subjects were people of all
societal classes and age
brackets
• Younger brother of Fernando
Amorsolo
Pablo Amorsolo

Limpia Botas Fruit Vendor (1906)

(1948)
However, in the 1920’s young
painters questioned the
styles mentioned and wanted
to veer away from the
aesthetic standard.
Victorio Edades
(December 23, 1895 – March 7, 1985)

• After studying Arts in the United

States he opened an exhibit at the
Philippine Columbian Club in
Ermita, Manila in 1928. This is
influenced by the 1913 Armory
Show

• Part of the Exhbit was Nude

Descending the Staircase by
Marcel Duchamp, which created a
ruckus in the US.
Nude Descending a Staircase
Victorio Edades
Edades’ The Builder’s created a controversy in 1928. We are not
shown the beauty of the Philippines or any sense of peace nor any
of Amorsolo’s style of the glimmering sunlight and agriculture. It
instead showed the working class covered in sweat and dirt. This
painting would be known as the first Modernist Painting in the
Philippines.
The Problem
In 1934, Edades recruited Carlos “Botong” V. Francisco and Galo B.
Ocampo, dropouts from the U.P. School of Fine Arts, to make a
mural. They formed the Triumvirate of Modern Art and produced
several murals. In 1938 Edades, Ocampo and Diosdado Lorenzo
established the Atelier of Modern Art in Malate, Manila.
Carlos “Botong” Francisco
(November 4, 1912 – March 31, 1969)
• Angono-based Painter
• Depicted Philippine history with the
“History of Manila” mural at the Manila
City Hall.
• Defied the rules of linear perspective of
the local academy
• Defied the basic ruled of linear
perspective at the local academy
• The rules of linear perspective
• Objects that are closer must
appear larger
• Parallel lines intersect at the
horizon
• Also known for the depiction of local
Carlos Francisco

Filipino Struggles Through History ;

History of Manila
Galo B. Ocampo
(October 16, 1913 – September 1, 1985)
• Filipinized Western
canonical iconography
with the Brown Madonna in
1938
Madonna Differences
Galo B. Ocampo
Distinct differences
• Philippine landscape with the
bahay kubo in the background
• The subject is brown-skinned and
wears a patadyong
• The halo being anahaw leaves;
and
• A brown-skinned child
Diosdado Lorenzo
(1906 – 1984)
• In 1935 he was in an exhibition of works
with “moderate distortions” at the
Philippine Columbian Club. His subjects
was conservative, landscapes and rural
life. Still he discarded Amorsolo’s style.
• A graduate of the U.P. School of Fine Arts
• Continued to paint traditional subjects in
the modernist style of strong
brushstrokes with bright colors of green
and orange.
• Because of this, the public started to
Diosdado Lorenzo

Bahay Kubo (1978)

In Summary
These painters who were against the traditional
way of art introduced Modern Art styles like Pop
Art, Maximalism, Minimalism, abstraction,
expressionism, Constructivism, Magic Realism,
and Environmental Art before WWII
Guillermo Estrella Tolentino
(July 24, 1890 – July 12, 1976)

• Trained in the Classical style in Rome

• Won the National Artist Awards for Sculpture in
1973
• Considered as “Father of Philippine Arts”
• Sculpted the Oblation in the University of the
Philippines to signify academic freedom • Designed Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan to
• It reflects the classical ideals of discipline, symbolize the cry of the Filipinos for
order, neautrality, and symmetry freedom
• The main subject, Andres Bonifacio, is
• It’s arms are open to accept knowledge and
seen holding a bolo and a pistol in a
change
defiant stance to produce an effect of
dignity and resolution.
Guillermo Estrella Tolentino

Bonifacio Monument (1933) Oblation (1935)

Anastacio Tanchauco Caedo
(August 14, 1907 – May 12, 1990)
• Classical Realism (style of sculpting) in
the tradition of Guillermo Tolentino
(mentor).
• Refused the National Artist Award of the
Philippines (1983, 1984, and 1986).
• Sculptures: National Heroes, Filipino
Politicians, Businessmen, etc.
Anastacio Tanchauco Caedo

Benigno Aquino Monument (Makati)

Rizal Monument at JRU (1970)

Napoleon “Billy” Veloso Abueva
(July 24, 1890 – July 12, 1976)

• The Father of Modern Filipino Sculpture

• Proclaimed National Artist in 1976, 46 at the time
making him the youngest recipient.
• Goes against the standards of his teacher, Guillermo
Tolentino
• Worked with a variety of materials (Hardwood,
• Introduced the “buoyant sculpture” in 1951
Adobe, Metal, Stainless Steel, Cement, Marble, • Sculpture to be appreciated from the
bronze, etc.) surface of a placid pool.
• Produced abstract works under the influence of
Moore and Brancusi.
• His work contains elements of eroticism, fun, wit,
and playfulness.
Napoleon “Billy” Veloso Abueva

Nine Muses (1994)

Kiss of Judas (1955) Kaganapan (1953)

Pegaraw-Pegasus (2000)